The most common problem, which applies to all types of crank, is the crank bolts working loose so that the crank then begins to move on the axle. On a square taper, ISIS or Octalink crank, this can result in the crank bolt becoming so loose it actually falls out, allowing the crank to fall off completely. If you’re using clipless pedals you’ll find yourself with one foot attached to the bike and another with a useless crank and pedal dangling off the end! On a two-piece crank, you’re less likely to lose the crank completely as the preload cap will hold it in place but you can damage the shallow splines inside the crank if you stamp down on the pedals whilst the pinch bolts are loose.
Both situations…
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Bike Maintenance Tips, Tricks & Techniques (Digital) - 1 Issue, Bike Maintenance Tips, Tricks & Techniques 3rd Edition