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24 Articles

Cheap Power is a Tricky Concept

Don’t get me wrong, nuclear reactors do generate very cheap electricity... for a certain part of their lifecycle. Speciÿcally, the part after the start-up costs are paid off, and before the costs of handling all the spent fuel rods kick in. As our feature from 1995 indicates, a ÿx for the nuclear waste issue has always been just around the corner. The article explains how a site called Yucca Mountain will be set up and ready to handle all of America’s (and Australia’s, as it turns out) nuclear waste by 2010 - with an editorial comment that no one really expects it to be ready by 2010, it will take a few years longer. Of course, as you probably guessed, here in 2018, Yucca Mountain isn’t operating and all funding…

Cheap Power is a Tricky Concept

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW ENGINEERING

Climate Tile by Tredje Natur A SIDEWALK THAT STOPS FLOODS As climate change brings stronger storms, the risk of flash floods from overflowing sewers balloons. In the past two years, for instance, Ellicott City, Maryland, has endured two “thousand-year” drenchings. Soon, communities will be able to replace impervious sidewalks with absorbent ones. Climate Tile pavers, first tested along a 20-metre stretch in Copenhagen this year, can divert about 30 per cent of rain away from otherwise overwhelmed drainage. The wet stuff passes into 42 5-mm pores that dot the surface of each concrete block, then runs into horizontal channels that funnel the flow from tile to tile and into underground storage, which also collects roof water. H2O eventually feeds into permeable landscapes, such as tree roots beside walkways. The excess…

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW ENGINEERING

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW SECURIT Y

Onyx exoskeleton by Lockheed Martin EXOSUIT TO DOUBLE ENDURANCE A tired soldier is a target—for both injury and attack. Hauling 45-plus kilos of gear, climbing rough terrain, and coping with heat, cold, or damp leads to fatigue and compromises readiness. When strapped to a trooper’s hips, the Onyx powered exoskeleton can double their fortitude. Onboard processors crunch inputs from accelerometers throughout the frame to analyse a person’s stride and direction of movement; the controller then activates motors at the wearer’s knees for an assist. The battery-powered skeleton might not make soldiers any stronger, but it will help them last longer. In trials, a user donning the Onyx could do 72 squats under an 83-kg load; without it, they could muster only 26 squats. High Energy Laser Weapon System by Raytheon…

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW SECURIT Y

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW ENTERTAINMENT

Fortnite by Epic Games THE GAME THAT BROKE DOWN PLATFORM BARRIERS About 78.3 million people log into Fortnite’s cartoonish landscape—peppered with ridable golf carts and coveted treasure chests—to try and pummel friends or strangers in a last-player-standing Battle Royale. The game set the record for most concurrent players (8.3 million) and game-streaming eyeballs on Twitch (1.46 million). Those are in part thanks to the fact that the game is the first available to every tribe within the button-mashing clan: high-end PC gamers, console devotees, and mobile-phone tappers. To bring everyone together, developer Epic Games orchestrated massive in-game events, like a rift appearing in the sky or the arrival of a massive and mysterious cube, that help the game transcend whatever screen it’s on. Master Series A9F TV by Sony A…

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW ENTERTAINMENT

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW RECREATION

Forge boots by Tecnica CUSTOM-FIT HIKING BOOTS WHILE YOU WAIT Tecnica designed the Forge with a mouldable material called thermoplastic polyurethane in the footbeds and uppers, so an in-store “technician” can customise them to the shape of your paws in just 20 minutes. When heated, the footbeds become more flexible. Then, with the insoles under your feet, the store tech applies an pressurised-air system that moulds the material to you. They repeat the process with the uppers. The custom fit means fewer, if any, blisters on the track. Radius Zone Mosquito Repellent by Thermacell NO STINK, NO FLAME, NO BUGS Summer means meat, mates—and mozzies. Most options for keeping those flying menaces away can be unpleasant: Citronella candles are hazardous during bushfire season and they stink. Those coils are just…

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW RECREATION

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW HOME

Flo by Flo Technologies QUICK DETECTION FOR HIDDEN LEAKS The sooner you detect and fix a hidden leak in your plumbing, the better off your house will be. So slap Flo on your main water supply line. Its sensors monitor your home’s H2O flow, pressure, and temperature, looking for changes that indicate the system might have sprung a pinhole leak. When it spots a problem, the connected device pings your phone so you can call the plumber early. If Flo detects a major issue, you can use the app to remotely shut off the water. Post-it Extreme Note by 3M UNSHAKEABLE STICKIES 3M’s new Extreme Post-its can cling to the surface of rough materials such as plywood and concrete. That’s thanks to a new adhesive made of tiny spheres, which…

2018 BEST OF WHAT’S NEW HOME

Time to Face It, Our Ancestors Slept With Other Species

THE STORY OF HOW MODERN HUMANS came to be is still complicated and murky, but there’s one thing that’s become very clear over the last decade of research: humans loved to get down, even with other species—that’s why nearly everyone whose ancestors migrated out of Africa possesses at least some lingering bits of Neanderthal DNA. Those experiences in interspecies mating were far from isolated one-night stands. According to a new analysis of gene ancestry data in Nature Ecology & Evolution, populations of humans and Neanderthals procreated, you know, a lot during the 30,000 years when the two species overlapped. Our snippets of Neanderthal DNA are not the result of one-off hookups. “The history of human-Neanderthal interactions is complex,” says Joshua Schraiber, a genomics researcher at Temple University and a co-author…

Time to Face It, Our Ancestors Slept With Other Species

The Summer of 69... 1469

EIGHT YEARS BEFORE Gutenberg’s Bible, his printing press produced an almanac. The 1457 publication likely offered readers a year’s worth of tide tables, weather forecasts, and astronomical insights. The seasons and stars had been a central force in human lives for thousands of years, spurring religious traditions and scientific inquiry, and shaping artistic impulses. The oldest known almanacs date back almost 4,000 years, to the advent of astronomy. But the seasons are changing. In one early paper in Nature, published in 2009, researchers showed that between 1850 and 2008, the hottest day of the year came earlier and earlier, arriving almost two days sooner at the tail end of their dataset than at the outset. This trend has continued in the intervening decades. It’s enough to make you wonder: is…

The Summer of 69... 1469

Dude, Where’s My Amphibious Car?

HIGH-TAILING AROUND HIS TEXAS HILL property in a lagoon-blue convertible, former US President Lyndon Baines Johnson would reportedly point the car downhill toward the Pedernales River, yelling to passengers that the breaks had gone, and the car couldn’t stop! It was only when they hit the water, hearts in their mouths, that his guests learned the truth: Johnson’s little craft was built for land and water. Between 1961 and 1968, Berlin mechanics built 3,878 Amphicars, which were gobbled up by aquaphilic Americans including LBJ. It remains the largest production of amphibious cars to date. But the dream of floating cars in every dock and driveway has faded in the intervening decades, diminished by engineering issues and other impracticalities. So is the amphibious car dead? Perhaps not. NAZI SCIENCE! The first…

Dude, Where’s My Amphibious Car?

The Chemical Weapons D CTIVES

THE FIRST BOMB LANDED SHORTLY AFTER SUNRISE ON APRIL 4, 2017, IN KHAN SHAYKHUN. UNLIKE THE THREE THAT WOULD EXPLODE MOMENTS LATER IN OTHER PARTS OF THE REBEL-CONTROLLED SYRIAN TOWN, THIS ONE PRODUCED LITTLE NOISE AND EVEN LESS PHYSICAL DAMAGE, LEAVING BEHIND A JAGGED CRATER IN AN OTHERWISE EMPTY ROAD. MINUTES EARLIER, A GROUP OF VOLUNTEER RESCUE WORKERS IN TOWN HAD RECEIVED AN OMINOUS ALERT: SPOTTERS HAD OBSERVED A SYRIAN ARMED FORCES BOMBER TAKING OFF FROM SHAYRAT AIRBASE 100 KM AWAY, AND IT WAS LIKELY CARRYING A CHEMICAL PAYLOAD. “GUYS, TELL PEOPLE TO WEAR MASKS,” THE VOICE ON THE OTHER END OF THE WALKIE-TALKIE IMPLORED. Most of the town’s 16,000 residents were in bed or getting ready for work when a milky-white cloud began to spread near the bombed-out bakery…

The Chemical Weapons D CTIVES

AGENTS OF DEATH

BLISTER Gases made from chlorine, sulphur, or arsenic burn any body part they touch. Used on the battlefield in World War I, their molecules bind to DNA inside cells, including the mucous membrane of the throat and lungs, leading to fluid buildup and deadly infection. BLOOD People need oxygen, and these cyanide-based agents halt the body’s ability to use it. These compounds are mitochondrial poisons. They stop cells from passing electrons to oxygen during cellular respiration. Victims die with bright-red blood in their veins. CHOKING When inhaled, gases such as phosgene disrupt breathing by irritating and corroding the mucous tissues that line the nose, throat, and lungs. Denser than air, a phosgene cloud stays low, where it kills those unlucky enough to learn what it smells like: freshly cut hay.…

AGENTS OF DEATH

A HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WAR

A.D. 256 To invade the Roman-held city of Dura Europos, in what is now Syria, Persian soldiers dig tunnels to destroy the town’s walls. The Romans bore their own shafts to stop them, but the Persians, in one of the earliest documented uses of chemical weapons, ignite sulphur and pitch, creating sulphur dioxide gas and taking out 20 of their foes. 1915 In the first large-scale use of chemical weapons, the German army—looking to break Allied lines along the Western Front—releases 170 metric tons of chlorine gas during the Second Battle of Ypres, in Belgium. The heavier-than-air substance drifts in a long cloud into French trenches, asphyxiating thousands of troops. 1941–1945 The Nazis discover through human experiments that Zyklon-B—a hydrogen cyanide originally intended as a disinfectant and insecticide—is an effective…

A HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WAR

DEADLIEST CATCH

POISON Even as a boy plucking cone-snail shells from tide pools near his home beside Manila Bay, in the Philippines, Baldomero Olivera knew that grabbing a living one could mean death. The magician’s cone, whose sting can cause extreme swelling, is the shape of a pointed hat; a tulip cone can trigger blurred vision and uncontrollable drooling, but it has ornate petal-like swirls. Mishandling a live geographer cone could stop his heart within minutes. But it looks like a Persian rug! Snagged. “We knew even as kids,” Olivera says, “that this snail was capable of killing humans and that it has a 70 per cent fatality rate.” It’s a foggy morning in Salt Lake City, and Olivera is near a bank of fish tanks in his lab at the University…

DEADLIEST CATCH

How a cone snail kills its prey

1 Target Conus catus hunts fish by extending a proboscis, a sort of fleshy harpoon, until it feels the creature’s lateral line—a sensory organ that helps the fish navigate. If the mollusk hits this nerve-filled target, the victim will have almost no chance of escape. 2 Strike Once it identifies its mark, the tiny assassin shoots a hollow, barbed tooth out of its proboscis, spearing the fish’s underbelly and securely hooking into its flesh. The now-stung quarry, thrashing and struggling to escape, is firmly tethered to the immobile hunter. 3 Inject The snail’s hollow tooth acts as a syringe, injecting toxins into the prey. This venom contains hundreds of peptides that work in tandem. First, neurotoxins stop the victim’s nerve impulses from switching off, making it about as stiff as…

How a cone snail kills its prey

The History of Bailing Out

1975 Electric feel McDonnell Douglas’ ACES II became the Air Force standard, replacing a hodgepodge of seats by different makers. It featured quick-firing, rocket-powered chutes, and was more reliable—the first to time ejection sequences electronically instead of using mechanical or pyrotechnic delays. LATE 1960S A better handle Once aviators donned helmets, there was no need to lower protective face screens before skedaddling. Martin-Baker found it speedier to trigger escape mechanisms with a handle between pilots’ legs. Hardware is in the same spot today—though in bombers, it’s on either side of the seat, out of the way of the flight controls. 1956 Slide of doom Ejection seats didn’t become immediately universal. The Douglas A3 nuclear bomber, for instance, had crew slide down a passageway behind the pilot, and pull their backpack…

The History of Bailing Out

What Are Constellations, Anyway?

A constellation is a group of stars that create a recognisable pattern in the sky. There are 88 officially recognized constellations, some of which are named after mythological creatures and might sound familiar if you’ve ever looked up your horoscope. Anthony Cook, an astronomical observer at the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, says constellation patterns are useful for memorising stars in the sky. In ancient times, different cultures recognised these patterns in different ways, he says, but a lot of the constellations we know today were defined in Ancient Greece. Some of them are named after heroes like Hercules and Orion. Other star patterns are named after animals, like Ursa Major or the big bear. The stars acted as a way to preserve stories, like the legend of Perseus rescuing…

What Are Constellations, Anyway?

He Feels The Burn So You Don’t Have To

YOU PROBABLY DON’T SAVOUR THE AGONY OF A WELL-STUBBED toe, but pain is a boon. Stings teach us to avoid similar dust-ups in the future, but entomologist Justin Schmidt refuses to heed the warnings. He’s been poked at least 1,000 times in the name of the Schmidt Sting Pain Index, a scale that objectiÿes the intensity of our boo-boos, so he’s got a sommelier’s palate for pain. Here’s a taste of some of his most delectable entries. PAIN LEVEL 1 SWEAT BEES “Light and ephemeral, almost fruity. A tiny spark has singed a single hair on your arm.” LITTLE WASP “Sharp meets spice. A slender cactus spine brushed a buffalo wing before it poked your arm.” INDIAN JUMPING ANT “Ah, that wonderful wake-up feeling, like coffee but oh so bitter.”…

He Feels The Burn So You Don’t Have To

TALES FROM THE FIELD

MY EUREKA MOMENT Burning Bush CRYSTAL KOLDEN, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT THE COLLEGE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO I used to fight wildfires (bushfires - Aussie Ed) with the Forest Service in California, but now I study them. Often, ignition is straightforward: Humans set fires while doing something not so smart. But some infernos have other causes. While I was in grad school in Nevada, I was puzzling over how flames start in sagebrush, a plant much smaller and less dense than a tree. Scientists know lightning is the culprit, but the exact mechanism is a matter of debate. One clear day in 2005, I was out hiking in the Santa Rosa Range. I noticed a giant dark cloud moving in, and I hightailed it out of there;…

TALES FROM THE FIELD

The Nuclear Legacy

At 2:45 a.m. on August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber named Enola Gay roared off a runway at Tinian, a small Pacific island near Guam. The somber 12-man crew flew northwest toward Hiroshima, a Japanese city with a population of 245,000. Five and a half hours later, the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the city, instantly killing an estimated 80,000 people. On August 9, another U.S. plane bombed Nagasaki, Japan. The two bombings brought a swift end to World War II. They also changed the nature of warfare forever, signaling the start of a nuclear arms race that is still unfolding. At times, the threat of nuclear war has cast a long shadow over the lives of Americans. But the bomb technology that was revealed to the…

The Nuclear Legacy

At Last! A Solution for Nuclear Waste!

SO, this feature written 23 years ago wondering what’s to be done about all the nuclear waste certainly isn’t depressing. Oh wait, it is. It’s depressing because even 23 years ago, dealing with the figurative fallout from nuclear reactors was already obviously going to be huge problem. Nuclear power might be reliable, and it might be safe while the reactor is running, but dealing with waste is still an unresolved problem. Which is why this article should be required-reading for every nuclear power enthusiast.…

The Hard Disk Drive

THERE’S AN ARGUMENT TO BE made that it’s the hard disk drive - let’s just call it the hard drive to save ink - that set the IBM PC apart from its competition. Like machines from Apple, Tandy, Osborne, and others, in 1981 the first IBM PC didn’t ship with an HDD. But hard drives were available right out of the gate from third party manufacturers. These early hard drives were extremely expensive, but they enabled owners to get into serious software development, from the comfort of their own homes. The first IBM PC, the 5150, was unique because it could be configured cheap enough to compete with the Apple II, but power users could spec it up beyond family car prices with various upgrades. This meant the 5150 was…

The Hard Disk Drive

DISC OR DISK? BOTH, ACTUALLY

Okay lets sort this out once and for all. When IBM developed cheap, removable, secondary storage for computers in the late 1960s, the neologism “diskette” was born. It’s a play on disc and casette, see. Etymologically, “disk” is the older English spelling for a really flat cylinder and “disc” is the preferred medical spelling for bits of your spine. Today, “disc” refers to optical media - DVD, Blu-ray, and CD. While “disk” is used for magnetic storage. As for the word “drive”, well the original diskettes needed something to spin them and read the information - and any machine that imparts motion to something loaded into it is traditionally called a “drive”. Interestingly, the disc/disk distinction predates computers. At the BBC, transcription records (of interviews etc) were called “disks”, while…

DISC OR DISK? BOTH, ACTUALLY

BEST OF: Pocket Reactor

[ As various misguided politicians demand Australia suck it up and build a bunch of nuclear reactors, safety and economic reality be damned, it puts me in mind of the team that said, essentially, we’ve just been thinking too BIG.] ON THE TRAIN TO VISIT NEW STARTUP Tronflux, I was reading an old Isaac Asimov novel where all his characters seemed to have belt-mounted miniature nuclear reactors, and I wondered how such reactors could possibly work, but I was confident Tronflux could answer this question, because they had in fact just developed a miniature nuclear reactor, which used a ball of uranium or whatever and could be mounted on a belt I suppose, but which I think they expected to be included in a new generation of smartphones, but could…

BEST OF: Pocket Reactor

No, we don’t mean use nuclear weapons on cops, we mean the law enforcement and military whose job it is to prevent nuclear material from falling into the wrong hands. It’s a deadly game of cat and mouse, played among the ruins of the Cold War, and the stakes couldn’t be higher... PLUS The future of the police cruiser How tech defeated Bonnie and Clyde Fad diets only hurt you... maybe? Ultimate axe roundup! The car with the first built-in dashcam + HEAPS MORE! Next Issue! POPSCI#123, FEBRUARY 2019, ON SALE 24 JANUARY 2019…

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