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iD UPDATE: LUNAR PHYSICS Just after the January 2020 issue went to press, news broke of the discovery of 20 new moons in orbit around Saturn. The satellites are relatively small but they’re substantial enough to make Saturn the new king of the hill: Previously Jupiter had held the title with its 79 known moons, but now Saturn’s total has shot up to 82 moons. It’s par for the course: As the article indicates, there are 180+ moons in the solar system, but that number is vague because new moons keep being discovered. iD UPDATE: THE LIFE OF GEYSERS A few days before the January 2020 issue went to press a report surfaced of yet another casualty of the thermal areas of Yellowstone National Park: On the night of September 29, 2019, a…

THE WORLD’S TOUGHEST LADY

1 PRINCIPLE ENSURES SURVIVAL A woman falls from a tall building and plunges 200 feet—on a safety line, to be sure, but at extremely high speed. She is required to flip head over heels repeatedly—but still manage to be perpendicular when her body jerks to a halt just above the ground. No one else can pull off such a spectacular stunt as quickly and successfully as former competitive gymnast Zoë Bell. She executes perfect somersaults in the air as she accelerates to 75 mph in seconds. “Training for this kind of stunt is like training for a boxing match,” she says. “You have to run five miles a day and finish off with leaps to practice your jumping power. You need strong, well-trained muscles, but you can’t allow yourself to become…

THE WORLD’S TOUGHEST LADY

MIGHTY MARVEL OF THE SKIES

GOLDEN EAGLE: THE INVINCIBLE RAPTOR Some eagle species are larger, but they can’t really compete with the golden eagle. The powerhouse is strong enough to lift a deer and carry several times its own weight back to the nest. That’s roughly equivalent to a cross-country runner wearing a 400-pound backpack. Native Americans revered and honored both bald and golden eagles as symbols of strength, truth, courage, wisdom, and freedom. The presentation of an eagle feather was the highest honor that could be bestowed in the indigenous cultures. The ancient Romans held a similar view: The golden eagle was the symbol of power on the standards of the Roman legions. Cautiously the lone wolf ventures forth from the shadows. For nearly an hour now the animal has been waiting at the edge of…

MIGHTY MARVEL OF THE SKIES

THE DISCOVERY OF THE WORLD’S GREATEST TREASURE

More than three millennia lie between them. Their paths could never cross, and yet there seems to be a magical bond between King Tutankhamun, ruler of one of the greatest empires ever known, and Howard Carter, an impoverished teenager from Britain. In the end, the Egyptian ruler would make the young man one of the more unlikely scientific heroes of history… They were an unlikely duo, but it worked. The thin young man appears shy and intimidated as he watches the activity all along the bustling quay. The sun is burning fiercely, and the air is filled with the lingering hum of Arab voices. Thousands of miles away from home, Howard Carter stands at the harbor of Alexandria in Egypt. Viewing the scene amidst a crowd of traders and sailors, the teenager…

THE DISCOVERY OF THE WORLD’S GREATEST TREASURE

questions & answers

COULD A SINGLE SUBMARINE DESTROY THE WHOLE WORLD? Russia’s Typhoon-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, also called Project 941 Akula, are the biggest subs ever built. During the Cold War, six of these steel giants went into service. Their mission in a nuclear war: to destroy the entire Western world. Each of the subs was equipped with 20 launch tubes designed to fire the Soviets’ most capable submarine-launched long-range multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV). With a range of some 5,000 miles, these missiles no longer needed to be near a coastline to reach their targets. With this new weapon, the Soviet Union was believed to be capable of destroying virtually every Western metropolis. When the Soviet Union collapsed, five of the Typhoon-class subs were decommissioned. Only the TK-208 Dmitriy Donskoy (photo)…

questions & answers

WHAT MAKES ME GIVE UP? (OR KEEP GOING?)

Fries rather than salad, couch rather than gym, vacation rather than promotion- We are constantly ignoring our resolutions and yielding to our basest impulses. But experts say anyone can learn to subdue an impulse and do the right thing. Here’s how… His body is now screaming at him, giving persistent and unmistakable commands. “Stop now! Pack it in! Don’t move another muscle! You can’t keep up this pace anymore!” Jan Frodeno’s body is crying out for relief: from the unbearable pain in his back, the cramped muscles in his legs, and the grueling heat. He has swum 2.4 miles, biked for 112, and now, partway into the 26.2-mile marathon, he has encountered the enemy he fears most: He has hit the wall. “I never know when it’s coming, but it happens in every…

WHAT MAKES ME GIVE UP? (OR KEEP GOING?)

Why is it so difficult to break a bad habit?

Glancing at your smartphone 20 times an hour, drinking too much coffee, biting your fingernails while you watch TV: Everyone has a bad habit of one sort or another. The culprit: the human brain. “Dealing with new and complicated matters requires awareness, attentiveness, and concentration while at the same time our brains are striving to make everything seem routine,” explains Gerhard Roth (photo). A professor at the University of Bremen’s Brain Research Institute, he has spent years trying to understand why it can be so hard to give up bad habits. “Once we’ve repeated an action multiple times, it becomes routine and is stored deep inside the brain as a fixed process that can no longer be deleted. That makes it extremely difficult to replace an old habit with a…

Why is it so difficult to break a bad habit?

THE BRAIN’S MOTIVATION ATLAS

Where does motivation originate–and what hinders it? We can be motivated by some of the bare necessities of life, such as getting food when we’re hungry and sleep when we’re tired, but another strong motivation driver is the prospect of getting a reward. New studies and brain scans have shown that several different areas of the brain are involved in this type of motivation. With the help of the neurotransmitter dopamine, they communicate with one another to help us decide whether a reward is worth the effort to obtain it. Dopamine also enhances the memories that are related to previous rewards by strengthening the synapses. New discoveries in the field continue to enhance our understanding of the workings of the will.…

THE BRAIN’S MOTIVATION ATLAS

Motivation Special

“Giving up is not an option.” HOW DO YOU OVERCOME YOUR WEAKER SELF? The Motivation Tricks of the Pros Even though Jan Frodeno (left) works out every day to stay physically and mentally fit, the triathlete says he has to fight his weaker self in every single race. To win the struggle against his “rebellious” body and brain, Frodeno breaks down the course he has to cover into smaller increments. That makes the immediate goal seem more attainable, which improves his motivation. In addition, he distracts his brain by doing math in his head or visualizing attractive images, such as the cheering fans at the finish line. JAN FRODENO AGE: 38 OCCUPATION: triathlete ACHIEVEMENTS: Three-time winner of the Hawaii Ironman World Championship, Ironman distance world record holder (7:35:39), German Sportsman of the Year (2015). “I was hallucinating; stung…

Motivation Special

THE 7 MOTIVATION KILLERS

1 MOTIVATION KILLER: MONEY WHY LESS IS SOMETIMES MORE Many bosses and employees still consider the prospect of a pay increase to be an effective way of heightening motivation and performance. It turns out that’s an expensive misconception: Psychologist Edward Deci believes that gifts of money run the risk of reducing intrinsic motivation rather than promoting it. The reason: The more employees are focused on a financial reward, the less they develop their natural curiosity and seek to acquire new skills. Studies have shown that while a pay raise can indeed increase motivation, the effect is short-lived, lasting no more than two months. Then employee motivation drops to where it was before the raise. The exception: boring jobs. There pay expectations can increase employee motivation. In general, experts recommend that bosses try…

WHAT MOTIVATES MY BRAIN

HOW THE BRAIN IS PROGRAMMED FOR PERFORMANCE Every perception that sets motivation in motion triggers a firestorm of neuronal connections in the brain. 1 DECISION CENTRAL Decision-making involves the neural networks in the frontal lobe, which is concerned with foresight and planning. 2 SUBCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION Even if we are not consciously aware of a potential reward, subconscious motivation can make us work harder. Involved here is the ventral pallidum, a core component of our reward system that incidentally is also involved in addiction. 3 THE PLEASURE SWITCH The striatum is connected with reward and a range of responses, from simply experiencing a reward to seeking it out. It is activated when we do something pleasurable or even just anticipate doing it. …TO PEAK PERFORMANCE LEVELS? AND WHAT MOTIVATES SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE? Researchers have discovered the most powerful motivator of all: recognition.…

WHAT MOTIVATES MY BRAIN

HOW DO YOU MEASURE A CATASTROPHE?

HOW POLLUTED IS THE NIGHT? Night in the sense of total darkness essentially no longer exists: Light pollution from artificial light has banished the dark almost everywhere in the world. It is created when excessive or obtrusive quantities of photons—packets of electromagnetic radiation—are released into an otherwise dark environment. According to astronomers, only a few thousand stars are visible to the average naked eye on a clear night. In the suburbs of Western cities that number drops to a few hundred due to the typical orange glow of a city’s sodium-vapor street lighting. Sometimes all we can see is the Moon and, with a bit of luck, Venus. A truly dark sky has become a rarity that’s found only relatively far from civilization. Nearly half of the light given off by…

HOW DO YOU MEASURE A CATASTROPHE?

THE 11 MOST IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT IBUPROFEN

Since its invention in the 1960s, ibuprofen has become one of the world’s most indispensable medicines for the relief of pain. What has made this medicine so popular? This pain medicine has established an excellent reputation. Ibuprofen (known by trade names such as Advil and Motrin) is considered to be very safe and effective. It functions in the body as a nonselective COX inhibitor to inhibit two forms of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which plays a role in pain and inflammation. For that reason ibuprofen can be utilized to relieve most pain in most patients. Ibuprofen is especially effective in relieving acute and chronic arthritis, headache and toothache, swelling, complaints related to injury, and fever. And because it comes in a liquid form for children, it is a relatively safe way of…

THE 11 MOST IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT IBUPROFEN

WHAT DO THESE 10 THINGS HAVE IN COMMON?

THEY KILL CAN KIDS According to the World Health Organization, preventable injuries kill 2,000 children each day and lead to tens of millions of kids requiring treatment at a hospital. Pediatrician Gary Smith is trying to do something about it. The head of the Center for Injury Research and Policy wants manufacturers to make safer products and parents to sit up and pay attention. Here are his tips for making the world safer for children. 1 TEMPTING TO EAT Detergent manufacturers are packaging their laundry products in handy bite-sized parcels. That makes things easier for the consumer when it comes time to do the wash, and it can also increase detergent consumption. THE HAZARD: Children may mistake the colorful packets for sweets and eat them. PREVENTION: Keep detergents in childproof containers rather than…

WHAT DO THESE 10 THINGS HAVE IN COMMON?

JUST HOW DANGEROUS IS CHILDHOOD, DR. SMITH?

DR. SMITH, YOU ARE A PEDIATRICIAN, A PROFESSOR OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE, AND THE FATHER OF TWO CHILDREN. HOW PARANOID ARE YOU? I actually don’t think I’m more fearful than anyone else. And I’m not trying to prevent every single accident. On the contrary: Childhood doesn’t have to be as safe as possible, only as safe as necessary. Children do need to be aware of the consequences of their behavior, even if that may sometimes be painful. That can teach them to appreciate the danger inherent in a situation. But accidents should not have fatal consequences—or alter a child’s life forever. HOW DANGEROUS IS CHILDHOOD IN A WORLD MADE FOR ADULTS? Preventable injuries kill 2,000 children per day around the world. Here in the United States the figure is more than 33 each day.…

JUST HOW DANGEROUS IS CHILDHOOD, DR. SMITH?

CAN THE SUN KILL THE INTERNET?

“In the year 774, the Northumbrians banished their king, Alred, and chose Ethelred, the son of Mull, for their lord, who reigned four winters. This year also appeared in the heavens a red crucifix, and wonderful serpents were seen in the land of the South-Saxons…” For many years astronomers had puzzled over this entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (compiled during the late ninth century). The “red crucifix” must have been quite an event to be included in a two-line summary of an entire year. What had the people seen—a meteor shower, an exploding star? No known cosmic phenomenon fit this ancient description, until researchers inquired of colleagues in the natural sciences. Their response made them shudder: Deep in the eternal ice of the Antarctic and in the growth rings of trees…

CAN THE SUN KILL THE INTERNET?

WHAT HAPPENS DURING A CORONAL MASS EJECTION?

SATELLITES in high orbit receive little protection from the Earth’s magnetic field. They are among the first casualties of a solar storm. AURORAS can normally be seen in the U.S. as far south as Maine and Minnesota—but in a solar storm, “northern lights” are possible in Memphis. POWER OUTAGES may be widespread. They result from transformers being overloaded during a solar storm’s fierce geomagnetic activity. DATA COMMUNICATIONS are interrupted or distorted. THE HEALTH of astronauts aboard the International Space Station is endangered. They must take refuge in shielded areas. THE STRATOSPHERE is bombarded with high-energy particles that create radioactive isotopes.…

WHAT HAPPENS DURING A CORONAL MASS EJECTION?

THE IMMUTABLE LAWS OF TIME

LAW NO. 1: TIME IS ALWAYS CHANGING Time does not just alter us physically as we age; it also changes our perception of time itself. As we grow older, time seems to pass more quickly. There are two explanations for this, according to scientists who study the subject. First, our biological clock ticks more slowly as we age, making the world around us seem faster. Second, older people typically have fewer novel experiences. Thus time for them becomes less interesting; it appears to be passing more quickly because nothing new is happening, so there are no milestones to mark the passage of time. However, time also seems to fly when we’re having fun… LAW NO. 2: NOTHING CAME BEFORE NOTHING The Big Bang was the natal hour of the universe and the beginning of time.…

THE IMMUTABLE LAWS OF TIME

SMARTER IN 60 SECONDS Time

Does the Earth warp time? Earth’s mass warps both space and time. The farther away you get from the surface of Earth, the faster time passes. That means your head experiences time a fraction of a second faster than your feet. And if a passenger carrying an atomic clock boards a plane, the difference from a clock on the ground is measurable, as predicted by Einstein’s theory of relativity. The phenomenon is known as “gravitational time dilation” and it has tangible consequences: The GPS satellites in orbit around the Earth have to adjust their clocks to locate GPS receivers on the ground. Does time have a home? The planet has around 40 time zones (several have 30- and 45-minute offsets) based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) at the prime meridian (0° longitude) located…

SMARTER IN 60 SECONDS Time

NUTS ABOUT NUTS

1,000 Hiding Places in Their Heads While it sometimes looks like squirrels are dashing around aimlessly, they know precisely what they’re doing. They’ve buried lots of nuts, often in the same place, which they may even share with other squirrels. That means when they set out to find them again, they may well discover lots of nuts they didn’t bury themselves. Gray squirrels are also known to bury and rebury the same nuts to keep the memory fresh of where to find them. Tail Like a Swiss Army Knife A squirrel’s secret weapon is its tail. The tail of a gray squirrel is about as long as its body and serves primarily to provide balance as it leaps from branch to branch. In those rare instances when a squirrel falls from a tree,…

NUTS ABOUT NUTS

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