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25 Articles

FIGHTING PATHOGENS Q: Viruses and bacteria can both cause disease. Knowing the differences between the two can help you better understand how your veterinarian will treat your horse and how you can support those efforts. Which of the following statements about viruses and bacteria is false? a. When a virus invades a cell, it hijacks its internal processes to produce and disseminate multiple copies of itself. b. Viral infections tend to be systemic, affecting multiple body systems, while bacterial infections are typically confined to one part of the body. c. Fever is the body’s way of fighting both bacterial and viral infections. d. Antibiotic medications weaken some viruses. POP QUIZ ANSWER d. Antibiotics do not kill or weaken viruses. They are used to treat bacterial infections. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance.…

VETERINARY VISITS DURING A PANDEMIC

The pandemic has upended every aspect of our lives, including equestrian activities. Shows and clinics are canceled, public trails are closed and many boarding barns have established social-distancing rules. But there’s one horse-related activity that is important to continue: routine veterinary visits. Neglecting chronic conditions, such as metabolic disease or equine asthma, can lead to worsening of the problem and significant, irreversible complications. And just because horses aren’t traveling doesn’t mean they don’t need vaccinations―West Nile virus and other diseases spread by insects won’t be curtailed by human quarantines. However veterinary visits these days require special safety measures. Anyone exposed to COVID-19 could spread the virus to dozens of people before they realize they are infected. Veterinarians are trained in public health so they will take steps to mitigate this risk, but…

VETERINARY VISITS DURING A PANDEMIC

THE ATTENTIVE EQUINE AUDIENCE AT YOUR BARN

The next time you need to schedule a potentially stressful veterinary or farriery procedure for your horse, consider setting aside a space for the appointment where other horses can’t watch. That’s the upshot of a new study from France that revealed the extent to which horses can develop positive or negative emotions by simply observing interactions between people and other horses―and how those impressions can have a lasting influence on their behavior. For a study, conducted at the French Horse and Equitation Institute (IFCE) and National Institute for Agricultural Research Val de Loire Centre in Nouzilly, the researchers selected 47 mature Welsh Pony mares. One by one, 24 of the mares were shown two consecutive 30-second videos―one “positive” and one “negative”―projected without sound onto a large screen in a stall. In each…

THE ATTENTIVE EQUINE AUDIENCE AT YOUR BARN

AN ILL WIND FOR EQUINE EYES

Research from Colorado State University suggests that high winds may contribute to the development of a potentially devastating fungal eye infection in horses. Equine ulcerative keratomycosis (EUK) typically develops after trauma causes an ulcer or another defect in the cornea, the transparent layer of tissue that covers the front of the eye. In addition to pain and excessive tearing, EUK may lead to vision loss. In severe cases, surgical removal of the eyeball may be necessary. To investigate whether ambient temperatures, humidity, wind speed and other environmental factors influence the development of EUK, the researchers reviewed the case files of 61 horses seen at the CSU hospital for corneal ulceration over a 15-year period. In 10 of the study horses, an EUK diagnosis was confirmed based on laboratory tests. Analysis of those cases…

AN ILL WIND FOR EQUINE EYES

STUDY: STRAW BEDDING MAY BE HEALTHIER

To improve your horse’s digestive and mental health, consider bedding his stall with straw. A new study from Germany suggests that horses kept on edible bedding exhibit feeding behaviors closer to those found in a natural setting, which may reduce their risk of developing colic, gastric ulcers and stereotypies such as cribbing and weaving. Previous research has shown that horses with continual access to pasture spend most of their 24-hour day grazing―never pausing from eating for more than four hours at a time. This continuity facilitates proper digestive function and keeps the horse occupied. “Major deviations from the natural feed intake behavior, including prolonged pauses, lead to disorders such as abnormal repetitive behavior and stereotypies such as crib biting or weaving,” explains Miriam Baumgartner, Postdoc, of the Technical University of Munich in…

STUDY: STRAW BEDDING MAY BE HEALTHIER

A PROMISING NEW WAY TO MONITOR DISEASE

A large-scale study from France validates the accuracy of implanted microchips that measure body temperature, suggesting the technology will be helpful in early detection of disease outbreaks. Microchips implanted in the nuchal ligament of a horse’s neck and read with a handheld scanner have long been used for identification purposes. The scanner detects a code on the chip, which can then be looked up in a database containing the horse’s information. Recent advances in microchip technology have enabled a new generation of bio-thermal chips to also monitor body temperature. Researchers at the INRAE/Université Paris-Saclay and the IFCE/Chamberet Experimental Station in central France recently tested the reliability of biothermal chips in 43 foals and yearlings stabled indoors over two winters. Antennas placed near the shared water troughs replaced handheld scanners, collecting and transmitting…

A PROMISING NEW WAY TO MONITOR DISEASE

RESEARCHERS TRACK EQUINE CORONAVIRUS

A decade before the deadly COVID-19 pandemic began, a virus from the same family may have been quietly traveling among the U.S. equine populations. Equine coronavirus (ECoV) causes fever, lethargy and occasionally diarrhea in horses. It typically occurs in outbreaks among horses at boarding barns and racetracks, but a new study from Washington State University (WSU) shows that it can also affect only a few horses at a time. Initially, ECoV was believed to be primarily a threat to foals. That changed in 2009, with a rash of outbreaks among mature horses in Japan. Two years later, a surge of ECoV cases began occurring at large boarding barns in the United States. Between November 2011 and April 2012, 161 horses tested positive for ECoV in California, Texas, Wisconsin and Massachusetts. Four of…

RESEARCHERS TRACK EQUINE CORONAVIRUS

OWNERS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN EQUINE ASTHMA MANAGEMENT

Researchers from Portugal have identified a troubling weakness in efforts to manage horses with asthma: The failure of owners to follow the recommendations made by veterinarians to reduce exposure to environmental irritants that worsen the condition. In a study conducted at the University of Lisbon, researchers focused on 39 mature horses diagnosed with severe equine asthma (SEA)―a respiratory condition previously known as recurrent airway obstruction or “heaves”―at the veterinary clinic. Characterized by airway inflammation, coughing and labored breathing, SEA is triggered by environmental factors, such as dust and mold, but when a horse is carefully managed to reduce exposure to these irritants the clinical signs usually subside. At the time of each horse’s diagnosis, the owners filled out a questionnaire describing how the animal was housed and fed, as well the signs…

OWNERS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN EQUINE ASTHMA MANAGEMENT

GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING HORSES WITH ASTHMA

In a recent study conducted in Portugal, veterinarians gave these environmental management guidelines to the owners of horses diagnosed as having severe equine asthma (SEA). 1. Ensure housing has good ventilation (at least two openings for air circulation) 2. Avoid stabling if possible, instead keep the horse on pasture 3. Turn out the horse for as long as possible, at least 12 hours a day 4. Move horses outside for grooming or when stalls are being cleaned 5. Use commercial dust-free bedding such as shavings, cardboard or low-dust options and avoid materials with potentially high dust content, such as sawdust or straw 6. Do not feed dry hay because of its high dust concentration. Feed cubed or pelleted feeds or completely immerse hay meals in water for 20 to 30 minutes before feeding it to the…

GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING HORSES WITH ASTHMA

Horses want to be partners, not obedient servants. Partners think for themselves. This means they do not always do exactly what you ask (or think you’re asking). Or they sometimes do things you have not asked for. This can be a sign that they are thinking like a partner, trying to communicate with you, keep you safe or show signs of trust and attachment These actions can be misconstrued as disobedience. They might even be punished. It is like being with someone who ignores what we say, and negatively interprets everything we do. When we do this to our horses, we overlook important information, and become a source of anxiety instead of security for them. But you can avoid that by recognizing equine behaviors that indicate a horse is acting like…

Planning Your Horse’s RETIREMENT

Retiring my Thoroughbred gelding, Memphis, from the show ring was an extremely difficult and emotional decision for me. Not only did I feel a sense of grief over losing what had been a big part of my life, but I was also overwhelmed by the question of what was next for our life together. Memphis, who was 19 years old at the time, had been my faithful partner in hunter/jumper competition for 14 years. Every time we entered the ring, all of life’s stresses melted away, and I was enveloped by a surreal sense of calm. It was just me and my horse, depending on each other. So when the question of retiring Memphis loomed, it was difficult to contemplate giving all of that up. But in the end, I had no…

Planning Your Horse’s RETIREMENT

THE BENEFITS OF ACTIVE REST

In Australia we have a saying that goes, “A change is as good as a spell.” It means that if you are feeling tired, don’t stop and rest―do something different. Now, if you’re exhausted from cleaning stalls, switching to cleaning water buckets probably doesn’t sound particularly restful, but the “change is good” principle is worth keeping in mind when training horses. Developing new skills, whether they are needed to succeed in competition or to simply perform well as a trail or pleasure horse, does require a bit of work. And the best route often involves drills designed to produce incremental improvements in movement, gait or fitness with each session. It then becomes easy to adopt a mindset that makes meeting goals the priority while minimizing other considerations. “Riders want to practice and…

THE BENEFITS OF ACTIVE REST

RIDING FOR A REASON

The horses are surprisingly calm as they walk down the bustling steel and concrete corridor of New York City’s Fifth Avenue. A few of their riders are somber, subdued by the gravity of the ride’s purpose. Others are giddy, happy to be here―to be alive. Bright yellow ribbons ornament the horses’ manes, fluttering gently as they catch the breeze. The ribbons aren’t festive decorations, however. Each bears the name of a veteran lost to suicide. Mitchell Reno was almost one of those ribbons. By 2004, combat tours in Afghanistan and Iraq had left the former infantryman shattered—both physically and mentally. Unprepared for re-entry into civilian life, Reno spent the next decade intent on self-destruction, mired in dark thoughts, chasing comfort through alcohol and pills. “When I say I was at-risk, I truly…

RIDING FOR A REASON

BraveHearts’ Trail to Zero rides bring the overwhelming statistic of 20 veterans committing suicide per day to the forefront of Americans’ minds while also helping to educate veterans and Americans about equine-assisted services. Learn more about Trail to Zero and where rides are taking place at trailtozero.org. BraveHearts The PATH Intl.Premier Accredited Center, based in Illinois, provides equine-assisted activities and therapies to children and adults. They also provide innovative services to meet the unique needs of military veterans and their families. Learn more at braveheartsriding.org. BraveHearts was a 2019 grant recipient from Feed it Forward™, Nutrena’s giving program that provides support for organizations promoting the life-changing bond between animals and people. Learn more at feeditforward.org. This content is provided by Hope in the Saddle, a program dedicated to sharing some of the most meaningful…

OLD SORREL AND BEYOND

In writing the history of the Quarter Horse in EQUUS over the past two years, I have revisited many old-time Texas breeders and big spreads, such as the Waggoner Ranch and the 6666, known for producing superior all-around ranch horses and arena competitors. Yet for all the contributions made by others, the Quarter Horse as we know it today would not exist had it not been for the breeding program initiated in the early 1920s by Robert Kleberg, Jr., of the King Ranch. The largest ranch in America, the King operation comprises a vast empire of oil-rich, arable plowland and managed pasture stretching over 825,000 acres in South Texas. Kleberg was one of the first scientific horse and cattle breeders, and he and the King Ranch are credited with creating during…

OLD SORREL AND BEYOND

OLD SORREL AND HIS KNOWN SONS

Old Sorrel sired 31 sons of which I have record. Ten of these (32 percent) have uncertain birth year; 7 (23 percent) have unknown dam, 11 (35.5 percent) have unknown damsire, and 7 (23 percent) have completely unknown parentage. It was not generally customary in the early half of the 20th century to keep close record of the parentage of horses intended only for use on ranches, especially if they were geldings. When King Ranch management realized in about 1923 how good a horse Old Sorrel was—a realization that dawned at about the same time that Bob Kleberg Jr. initiated the King Ranch Quarter Horse breeding program—then closer track was kept and from that point most of Old Sorrel’s covers and the birth year of his foals are known. No…

OLD SORREL AND HIS KNOWN SONS

SIRE, GRANDSIRE AND SONS

Macanudo great-grandson Mr San Peppy (1968) is probably the most prizewinning horse ever bred by King Ranch. Besides being two-time National Cutting Horse Association (NCHA) Open World Champion in 1974 and 1976, he also won the AQHA World Cutting Championship in 1976, becoming the first horse ever to win both titles in the same year. In 1978 he became the first horse to win over $100,000 in open cutting competition. In 1974 he became the youngest horse ever to be inducted into the NCHA Hall of Fame. Not surprisingly he was also a popular sire, getting 1,328 registered foals. I include Mr San Peppy in this series of analyses because he exemplifies the direction of King Ranch breeding, toward shorter backs, a more “square” body profile, more “bone substance,” a…

SIRE, GRANDSIRE AND SONS

ALL IN THE FAMILY

Hired Hand (1943). Hired Hand’s most famous son was Strawboss T., followed by Henry’s Bullet, H.H. Dee, Rey Ricardo, and Fistful. Water Lilly (1920) was by Yellow Jacket by Little Rondo by Lock’s Rondo, and out of a Waggoner mare who was probably mostly Thoroughbred. Water Lilly is also the mother of Little Man. Little Joe (1905) by Traveler out of Jenny, she by Sykes Rondo and out of May Mangum, both tracing to Old Billy and Shiloh. Unrelated to Old Sorrel, Little Joe and his sons Pancho Villa and Cotton Eyed Joe proved to be an excellent outcross. Hired Hand’s Cardinal (1949), was by Hired Hand and out of Listona Azule by Peppy by Little Richard. Listona Azule is by Ranchero by Solis. CONFORMATION ANALYSES…

ALL IN THE FAMILY

BEAUTIFUL HORSES

Solis (1923), out of “Mother of Solis”, a part-Thoroughbred mare by Martin’s Best, a grade Thoroughbred; she is also thought to have descended from Martin’s Best through her dam. Solis sired 75 foals of record, most of which were retained by King Ranch and thus were not competed or advertised. The big but shapely stallion Babe Grande (1928), out of a mare by Hickory Bill bred by William Anson. I consider it likely that Babe Grande inherited from his dam some Suffolk Punch blood (see “Hard Times Bring Big Changes,” EQUUS 496). Ranchero (1933), in this author’s opinion a very beautiful horse. He is out of Borega by Old Sorrel, she out of “a King Ranch mare,” likely part-Thoroughbred, but my guess is that she also carried some mustang or Morgan (Richard…

BEAUTIFUL HORSES

THE BROODMARE SIRES

Little Richard (1922), out of a part-Thoroughbred mare from the Lucky Mose band. Few of his get (18 fillies and one colt) were registered with AQHA because until the mid-1940s King Ranch bred primarily for its own use, needing several hundred horses annually. Seventy Little Richard daughters were retained in the King Ranch Quarter Horse breeding program; almost all of his 9 sons were gelded. Peppy (1934) is by Little Richard out of China by Cardinal by Old Sorrel; China is out of a mare by Brillante, a Thoroughbred remount stallion. Peppy is thus not as inbred as many horses Kleberg used; nonetheless his coefficient of inbreeding is 6.26 percent (the average for Quarter Horses is 1.2 percent). He sired 193 registered foals, including several champions in racing. Tomate Laureles (1927) out…

THE BROODMARE SIRES

A GOOD HORSE IS ANY COLOR

Old Sorrel sons Lucky Strike and Silver King were kept entire but sold to outside buyers. Lucky Strike’s book consisted of many Thoroughbred mares and most of his get were used as ranch horses and thus have no show record. Silver King was heavily advertised to the public and got a wide-ranging book of mares. He sired many high-ranking arena performers, mostly in roping and cutting. Lucky Strike (1935) is out of Panchita Kleberg by Pancho Villa by Little Joe. She is out of a mare by Governor Jester of the Matchem sire-line. Stout and masculine, he sired many ranch horses. Lucky Strike’s contribution to the Quarter Horse is rather widespread despite his never leaving Texas and not being widely advertised. Twenty-eight of his sons escaped the knife; most sired at…

A GOOD HORSE IS ANY COLOR

Dakota Incident (1956) is a movie that stands out in my memory―not for its quality and popularity, but for a lesson I learned during its filming. I had been hired as the stunt double for the film’s co-star, Linda Darnell. By this time, I was well into my career as a stuntwoman and my specialty was working with horses. Almost all of Dakota Incident was shot on location in what is now Red Rock Canyon State Park on the northwest edge of California’s Mojave Desert. On the appointed day, a limo came to take me to the Mojave set. When I climbed in, Dale Robertson, the male lead, was sitting in the back seat. We were the only passengers for the three-hour trip. Soon to star in his own hit TV show Tales…

IMMUNITY Can a horse receive too many vaccinations? Q: A few months ago, my husband and I took in a rescue horse, and we are slowly doing what we can to restore his health though careful re-feeding, farriery work and veterinary care. However there’s one area of his health that has me worried: We can’t find any information on which vaccinations this horse may or may not have received in his life. How do you handle vaccinations for horses with unknown histories? Which factors, such as a horse’s age, are relevant to this question? My gelding is about 9 years old and does not seem to have health problems beyond being malnourished and having been neglected Should we act as if he hasn’t had any vaccinations and “start from scratch?” Is there any…

amino acids―organic building blocks that together make up proteins and into which proteins can be broken down. “Essential amino acid” content determines the quality of a protein. The sequence of amino acids in a protein and hence protein function are determined by the genetic code. antibody―disease-fighting substance produced by the body in response to the presence of an antigen. enterolith (intestinal stone)―abnormal concretion that forms in the intestine; usually comprised of mineral salts, enteroliths resemble rounded stones. epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) ―a type of colic that occurs when a section of the small intestine is drawn into the space between the liver and the pancreas, where it becomes strangulated. equine asthma―respiratory disease, usually of older horses, induced by exposure to dusts typically found in stables. The disease is recurrent, depending on environmental exposure. Formerly…

Horses in the time of coronavirus

Like everyone else, I have been grappling with the ways the pandemic has disrupted my life. Even where I live, amid the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina, the realities of quarantines and social distancing have altered the ways I spend time with my family, friends and horses. I’ve been a horse owner for more than 20 years and a practitioner and teacher of yoga even longer. A physical and mental discipline centered on breath control, simple meditation, bodily postures and other techniques, yoga has been used by people for millennia to enhance health, relaxation and life in general. Now more than ever, I rely on lessons I’ve learned through yoga―and from working with horses―to make the most of each day. No doubt you’ve heard the saying “Life is what happens while…

Horses in the time of coronavirus

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