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British Columbia History 56.1 Spring 2023 (Digital)

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22 Articles

As Long as the Sun Shines, the Grass Grows, & the Rivers Flow

Well before settler treaties, Indigenous Nations held agreements among themselves, such as the Peace River Treaty between the Dene and Cree Nations— an oral and sacred accord ending long-standing conflict. From an Indigenous perspective, historic settler treaties were sacred tripartite agreements between the Indigenous caretakers, the Creator, and the Crown, engrained with spiritual traditions, beliefs, and ceremonies. Pipe ceremonies held during treaty signings bore witness to the true meaning and intent of treaties, to be honoured and upheld for as long as the sun shines, the grass grows, and the rivers flow. As a young, earnest archaeologist working in my ancestral lands of Saulteau First Nations in Treaty 8 territory, I vividly recall the mantra-like directive from Indigenous Leaders to honour the principles set out in our treaty when negotiating…

As Long as the Sun Shines, the Grass Grows, & the Rivers Flow

40,000 pages of Francophone newsletters digitized by the SHFCB I’m writing to let readers know that thanks to grants from the BC History Digitization Program and the Francophone Affairs Program of the Government of BC, and using the services of Arca at Simon Fraser University, the Société historique francophone de la Colombie-Britannique (SHFCB) has released its project digitizing the publications of the province’s Francophone organizations. Almost 40,000 pages are now available to everyone, free of charge and in searchable format, for consultation and research. At the link to the SHFCB, https://bchdp.arcabc.ca/islandora/object/shfcb%3Aroot, you can pursue your research through the whole of the publications, and also by year, publication, or organization. The British Columbia History Digitization Program (BCHDP) is an annual funding program run by the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre, at…

Support for digitization

On behalf of the Maple Ridge Family History Group, I want to share what the entity FamilySearch provides and let records custodians know FamilySearch could be a digitization partner for historical organizations. FamilySearch partners with organizations to provide No-cost preservation services that will remain free—part of FamilySearch's efforts to preserve the world’s records; On-location camera operations to digitize records; High-quality digital copies of records upon request; Protection against threat of loss or damage to records; Migration of digitized records to new media formats over time to ensure accessibility. The types of records that they preserve tend to have genealogical value but go beyond vital records and are an important resource for researchers. For more information about partnering with FamilySearch, visit https://www.familysearch.org/en/info/archive. Sincerely, Andrea Lister Maple Ridge Family History Group…

Support for digitization

1 Saved at the Bell Just over two years ago, the 1916 Hope Canadian National Railway Station was destined for the wrecker’s ball, until an army of citizens launched a grassroots campaign that resulted in a rescue plan. A stop work order was issued, a Statement of Significance created, and ultimately, the station house was saved. The Tashme Historical Society stepped up and negotiated with the District of Hope for almost a year, and now the society is the proud owner of this historic train station. The society operates the Sunshine Valley Tashme Museum, southeast of Hope. In 1942 more than 2,600 Japanese Canadians were interned at Tashme. Men, women, and children forcibly removed from the west coast were loaded into the back of trucks at Hope Station House for the…

The Wake of History Up close and personal with climate change

EXPLORER IN RESIDENCE Bert was Explorer in Residence at BC History throughout 2022 as he journeyed by foot and canoe from the Salish Sea to the Atlantic in the footsteps and paddlestrokes of a long genealogy of travellers. He made landfall at his final destination, at Shippagan, New Brunswick, on October 1. Staring up at what would normally be a boat launch, I couldn’t help but wonder where had all the water gone. Covered in lake-bottom muck, Kai Nani and I were close to 45 vertical metres below the launch and nearly half a kilometre away. Kinbasket Lake was a lake in name only. Normally, if such a thing still exists, water levels would have seen Kinbasket Lake mostly filled with spring run-off, the result of melting snow and ice.…

The Wake of History Up close and personal with climate change

Forest Fires & Climate Change A smoky future

This piece was previously published by Climate Atlas of Canada and is licenced under creative commons (CC-BY-ND-NC 4.0). It was updated to include reference to the 2021 wildfire season. Doug Findlater, former mayor of West Kelowna, recalled seeing the 2003 Okanagan Mountain Park fire sweep into town: “It kind of looked like a war movie, with houses blowing up all over the place,” he says. More recently, Canadians watched with horror as the immense Fort McMurray fire of 2016 threatened the city. The Fort Mac fire caused the evacuation of almost 90,000 people and quickly became the most expensive natural disaster in Canadian history, destroying 2,400 buildings and causing about $10 billion in damage.1 In BC, recently we have seen the three most active fire seasons (2018, 2017, and 2021…

Forest Fires & Climate Change A smoky future

Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions (PICS)

The Climate Atlas of Canada was developed by the Prairie Climate Centre under the leadership of Dr. Ian Mauro, an acclaimed environmental scientist, geographer, and filmmaker. Dr. Mauro is the new Executive Director of the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions (PICS) at the University of Victoria. PICS was launched in 2008. Its goal is to develop innovative, evidence-based climate solutions knowledge that is actively used by decision-makers within BC, nationally, and internationally. To find out more about PICS and its work, visit: https://pics.uvic.ca/about To learn more about how PICS is developing strategies for wildfire and forest management that minimize climate impacts, visit http://pics.uvic.ca/projects/wildfire-and-carbon…

Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions (PICS)

Trail, British Columbia, home of one of the world’s largest lead and zinc smelters, was the location of a historic union-organizing drive by a small band of determined trade unionists during the Second World War. The book Smelter Wars tells the story of how those unionists overcame the smelter owner, a company union, an anti-union church, and daily newspaper to form Local 480 of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Mine-Mill). This is not a new story in the rough and tumble labour history of the Pacific Northwest, but it has an unusual twist. With all the violent tales of union-employer confrontations in the western United States, the story told in Smelter Wars stands out because it was relatively devoid of physical violence. There was plenty of…

Smoke Damage Suit Creates Fertilizer Brand

This short excerpt from Smelter Wars illustrates the challenges farmers on both sides of the border faced in having their concerns about pollution addressed. Country farmers and other land owners along the Columbia River had long complained that the sulphur dioxide fumes from the Trail smelter destroyed crops, rendered soil unusable, and caused substantial smoke damage. Eventually the International Joint Commission (IJC), formed in 1909 to investigate such cases, concluded that the CM&S owed the farmers $350,000 in damages. It also demanded that the pollution stop, creating concern for the Canadian economy should the smelter shut down. Enter [company president] S.G. Blaylock, who promised to "end pollution" as soon as proper abating devices were in place. Dissatisfied with the IJC's settlement proposal the two national governments agreed to arbitration. The…

Climate change & Indigenous Cultural Heritage

Karen Aird is Manager of Culture and Heritage at First Peoples’ Cultural Council (FPCC), and we are delighted that she was able to spend time with us to talk about how climate change is impacting, or will impact, Indigenous cultural heritage in BC. FPCC is a First Nations-governed Crown corporation with a mandate to support the revitalization of First Nations languages, arts, cultures, and heritage in British Columbia. The organization provides funding, resources, and skills development, monitors the status of First Nations languages, develops policy recommendations for First Nations leadership and government, and collaborates with organizations on numerous special projects that raise the profile of arts, languages, cultures, and heritage in BC, Canada, and internationally. Indigenous cultural heritage (ICH) is holistic, meaning it includes physical, emotional, mental, kinship, and spiritual…

Climate change & Indigenous Cultural Heritage

Indigenous Heritage Circle (IHC)

The IHC is an Indigenous-designed and Indigenousled organization founded in 2016. We are dedicated to the advancement of cultural heritage priorities that are of importance to Métis, Inuit, and First Nations Peoples in Canada. Working with partners from across the country, we have developed the following definition of Indigenous heritage: Indigenous Heritage is complex and dynamic. Indigenous Heritage encompasses ideas, experiences, belongings, artistic expressions, practices, knowledge, and places that are valued because they are culturally meaningful and connected to shared memory. Indigenous Heritage cannot be separated from either Indigenous identity or Indigenous life. It can be inherited from ancestors or created by people today as a legacy for future generations. Its vision statement: "Healthy and vibrant Indigenous communities in which Indigenous Peoples are supported and recognized in their role as…

A snapshot of current FPCC Heritage Infrastructure Projects related to climate change

kʷikʷəƛ əm Frist Nation George Chaffee, Councillor of kʷikʷ əƛ əm First Nation: The kʷikʷəƛəm Historical Cemetery Revitalization Project is about healing and putting those who are buried there properly to rest. It is very disrespectful that so many of the gravesites and markers have been lost due to repeated and consistent flooding in the area for decades. The funding provided by the First Peoples’ Cultural Council and First Nation Land Management Resources Centre is crucial in our long-term work to create a safer, sacred historical cemetery that allows us to protect, honour, and show respect to those who are buried there. I am very proud to be leading this project and to be giving a voice to our Elders and Ancestors so that their lives are remembered not only…

A snapshot of current FPCC Heritage Infrastructure Projects related to climate change

Indigenous Guardians Network

Indigenous Guardians are trained to manage, restore, and protect the land in their traditional territories. The Indigenous Leadership Initiative has been working to connect these guardians into the Indigenous Guardians Network so that individual programs across the country can support and strengthen each other. The Government of Canada has invested in this network to support its initiatives and help it expand further. Overall, the network aims to support reconciliation efforts, give communities the opportunity to develop their skills in environmental management, and educate young people so that future generations can continue to carry the responsibility of stewardship for their traditional territories. Here are some of the Guardians projects happening across British Columbia. To learn about the full scope of projects across Canada, visit https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-funding/indigenous-guardians/map.html#year_5. Tla'amin Guardians-Powell River, BC This project…

Indigenous Guardians Network

Climate Activism & Heritage Organizations

Curating tomorrow means starting today The Curating Tomorrow project is helping museums to reach their sustainable potential Championed by the British Columbia Museums Association, the Curating Tomorrow project encourages museums of every kind to play their part in supporting sustainable development and tackling climate change. Museums are spaces for us to learn about and discuss issues like climate change; they can have a positive impact by educating and engaging the wider public. The aim of the Curating Tomorrow project is to maximize this positive impact. In their detailed guide, Curating Tomorrow outlines ways museums can use their resources effectively to tackle climate change, including by providing learning opportunities, enabling research, and supporting cultural participation. To learn more, visit: https://curatingtomorrow236646048.files.wordpress.com/2019/12/museums-and-the-sustainabledevelopment-goals-2019.pdf. The future of Arctic flora The Canadian Museum of Nature investigates biodiversity…

Climate Activism & Heritage Organizations

Haig-Brown House at Campbell River

"Planting a tree is an act of faith little short of creation, and it projects a man’s hold upon the earth for as far beyond death as his imagination can reach. Roderick Haig-Brown, from Measure of the Year, 1950 Amisty drizzle cloaks branches leaning above the riverbank; a mallard scuds near shoreline rocks that glisten a mossy green. A wooden footbridge crosses Kingfisher Creek where the leaves of fall are swept into the chattering Campbell River. A spawned-out chum salmon lies in the middle of the trail, not far from a sign reading “BEAR IN AREA.” This forest trail is located at Above Tide, once the home of revered writer and conservationist, Roderick Haig-Brown (1908-1976). Born in Lansing, England, he landed on Vancouver Island as a young man, found work…

Haig-Brown House at Campbell River

KELOWNA SAVANNA Nature and the city

The gentle curve of the hillside draws me forward. With each step I see more of this grassland and more of Okanagan Lake’s northern reach. Here I am, on a random ecological walk, just twenty blocks from Kelowna’s downtown. This is Knox Mountain Park, in a remnant piece of Okanagan sublime. As I start on the trail, I’m on a dry and rocky southwest face. I see sagebrush and cactus, reminders of our ecological connection to the Great Basin desert biome and distant places like eastern Oregon and northern Nevada. Farther along the curving footpath I reunite with my signature Okanagan landscape trinity: bluebunch wheatgrass, arrowleaf balsamroot, and ponderosa pine. Still farther along the footpath come subtle ecological changes. As the hill’s aspect gently shifts from southwest to northwest, I…

KELOWNA SAVANNA Nature and the city

Editorial Calendar

British Columbia History is a quarterly magazine chronicling British Columbia's unique story through the words and images of community writers, archivists, museum professionals, academic historians, and more. SUBMISSIONS Our editorial team makes every effort to respond to all submission enquiries; however, our magazine operates with a small part-time staff and it may take some time for us to get back to you. PRINT SCHEDULE Our editorial team works with set copy deadlines and must often finalize content six months or more in advance of publication. UPCOMING THEMES…

Editorial Calendar

The Sternwheeler SS Moyie’s 125th Anniversary

This year, 2023, is a time of celebration at the SS Moyie National Historic Site, in Kaslo. The sternwheeler Moyie was originally intended to work on the Stikine River on an “All Canadian Route to the Klondike” when the Klondike Gold Rush was at its peak in 1898. Plans did not work out as hoped, however. Instead, Moyie’s steel frames, boiler, and engines, which had been fabricated in Ontario by the Bertram Engine Works, were diverted for assembly to the Canadian Pacific Railway’s (CPR) Nelson shipyard, where the steamer was put in service on Kootenay Lake rather than in the North. The original hull was extended by 20 feet [6.1 m], making it a total of 161.7 feet [49.29 m] in length, plus the 19-foot, 4-inch [5.9-m] diameter paddlewheel. The…

The Sternwheeler SS Moyie’s 125th Anniversary

Floodplain feels impact of historic floods—Clayburn Village

Clayburn Village predates the City of Abbotsford, where it is located, with a significant historic, heritage, and cultural presence that dates back to 1905. The village was established as BC’s first company town by John Maclure, a former Royal Engineer who settled on a government land grant west of Clayburn. He developed the village and Clayburn Brick Company because he had discovered a specialized fire-resistant clay hidden in nearby Sumas Mountain, in 1904. The brick company provided housing and services to a very productive workforce in what was considered an isolated location until the early 1900s. In the 1930s the brick plant moved to Kilby, but Clayburn continued to thrive, and many ancestors of its residents from the time continue to live here. My family and I moved to Clayburn…

Floodplain feels impact of historic floods—Clayburn Village

Mejade'sse Portrait of a Woman Navigating Cultural Erasure

RESEARCHER-IN-RESIDENCE Terry has accepted BC History’s invitation to sit as Researcher-in-Residence throughout 2023 as he continues to learn about the story of his great-grandmother and the personal legacies of colonial and federal policies. This is the first of four parts. Why her? Why now? Few people in history are considered representative of their culture, yet my great-grandmother Mejade’sse is one such individual. She was born between 1871 and 1873, of Kaska ena-Tahltan-Tlingit ancestry. Personal correspondence documents her migrating throughout the territory, north to Ross River in the Yukon, south to Fort St, James, and west to the coast throughout the 92 years of her life. Her belongings are held today by the Canadian Museum of History and used by scholars to glimpse past times and cultural practices in British Columbia’s…

Mejade'sse Portrait of a Woman Navigating Cultural Erasure

Refracting History | Story Behind the Artifact

Books are just one way to share BC history. Cultural belongings and artifacts in museum collections across the province have their own stories to tell. Many of these stories are nuanced, intersect with other histories, and connect communities. I think about these stories often: when talking to community members about potential artifact donations to the Nanaimo Museum, as I walk through the gallery, and during exhibit planning. And I’m always excited to see artifacts or cultural belongings that have great stories at other museums! Sometimes these artifacts have stories that link with my community’s history. Last summer I visited the Museum of Vancouver’s A Seat at the Table exhibition and saw a nursing uniform owned by Anna Fong Dickman. In 1930 Anna became the first Chinese Canadian Registered Nurse (RN)…

$Refracting History | Story Behind the Artifact$

Recently Released

Beneath the Coal Dust: Historical Journeys Through Elk Valley and Crowsnest Pass by Wayne Norton (Qualicum Beach, BC: Caitlin Press, 2022) $26 British Columbia in the Balance, 1846-1871 by Jean Barman (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 2022) $36.95 Chinese Victoria: A Long and Difficult Journey by John Adams $84 (available at https://discoverthepast.com/shop/.) Cold Case BC: The Stories Behind the Province’s Most Sensational Murder and Missing Persons Cases by Eve Lazarus (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 2022) $22.95 Deadly Triangle by Susan Goldenberg (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2022) $23.99 From Denmark to the Cariboo: The Epic Journey of the Lindhard Sisters by Linda Peterat (Victoria: Heritage House, 2022) $26.95 Kechika Chroniclers: The Northern BC & Yukon Diaries of William Freer, 1942-1978 by Jay Sherwood (Qualicum Beach, BC: Caitlin Press, 2022) $26 Lessons in…

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