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25 Articles

Welcome to Python

Python is a versatile language and its rise in popularity is certainly no surprise. Its similarity to everyday language has made it a perfect companion for the Raspberry Pi, which is often a first step into practical programming. But don't be fooled by its beginner-friendly credentials - Python has plenty of more advanced functions. In this new edition, you will learn how to program in Python, discover amazing projects to improve your understanding, and find ways to use Python to enhance your experience of computing. You'll also create fun projects including programming a Space Invaders clone and building your own networked Hi-Fi with Pi. Let's get coding!…

Welcome to Python

Get Started with Python

Python is a great programming language for both beginners and experts. It is designed with code readability in mind, making it an excellent choice for beginners who are still getting used to various programming concepts. The language is popular and has plenty of libraries available, allowing programmers to get a lot done with relatively little code. You can make all kinds of applications in Python: you could use the Pygame framework to write simple 2D games, you could use the GTK libraries to create a windowed application, or you could try something a little more ambitious like an app such as creating one using Python’s Bluetooth and Input libraries to capture the input from a USB keyboard and relay the input events to an Android phone. For this tutorial we’re…

Get Started with Python

Introducing Python

Now that you’ve taken the first steps with Python, it’s time to begin using that knowledge to get coding. In this section, you’ll find out how to begin coding apps for Android operating systems (p.32) and the worldwide web (p.26). These easy-to-follow tutorials will help you to cement the Python language that you’ve learned, while developing a skill that is very helpful in the current technology market. We’ll finish up by giving you 50 essential Python tips (p.40) to increase your knowledge and ability in no time.…

Introducing Python

Make web apps with Python

What you’ll need… Python 2.7: https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.7/ Django version 1.4: https://www.djangoproject.com/ Python is known for its simplicity and capabilities. At this point it is so advanced that there is nothing you cannot do with Python, and conquering the web is one of the possibilities. When you are using Python for web development you get access to a huge catalogue of modules and community support – make the most of them. Web development in Python can be done in many different ways, right from using the plain old CGI modules to utilising fully groomed web frameworks. Using the latter is the most popular method of building web applications with Python, since it allows you to build applications without worrying about all that low-level implementation stuff. There are many web frameworks available for…

Make web apps with Python

Build an app for Android with Python

The great thing about Kivy is there are loads of directions we could take it in to do some pretty fancy things. But, we’re going to make a beeline for one of Kivy’s coolest features - the ability it a_ords you to easily run your programs on Android. We’ll approach this by _rst showing how to make a new app, this time a dynamic Breakout-style game. We’ll then be able to compile this straight to an Android APK that you can use just like any other. Of course, once you have mastered the basic techniques you aren’t limited to using any particular kind of app, as even on Android you can make use of all your favourite Python libraries to make any sort of program you like. Once you’ve…

Build an app for Android with Python

Basics Running Python scripts 01On most of the UNIX systems, you can run Python scripts from the command line. Running Python programs from Python interpreter 02The Python interactive interpreter makes it easy to try your first steps in programming and using all Python commands. You just issue each command at the command prompt (>>>), one by one, and the answer is immediate. Python interpreter can be started by issuing the command: In this article, all the code starting at the >>> symbol is meant to be given at the Python prompt. It is also important to remember that Python takes tabs very seriously – so if you are receiving any error that mentions tabs, correct the tab spacing. Dynamic typing 03In Java, C++, and other statically typed languages, you must…

Work with Python

With a more solid understanding of Python, you can really begin to make it work for you. It is a highly functional and versatile language, and in this section, we’ll show you how to use this versatility in your own projects. First, we’ll show you how to ditch the primary shell and replace it using Python (p.50), then look at how NumPy can help with scienti_ c computing (p.58). We’ll also look at how Python can help with system administration (p.64), and how you can use it with Beautiful Soup to read Wikipedia o_ ine (p.72). Get ready to use Python to its full potential.…

Work with Python

Replace your shell with Python

What you’ll need… Python www.python.org/doc We all use shell on a daily basis. For most of us, shell is the gateway into our Linux system. For years and even today, Bash has been the default shell for Linux. But it is getting a bit long in the tooth. No need to be o_ended: we still believe Bash is the best shell out there when compared to some other UNIX shells such as Korn Shell (KSH), C Shell (CSH) or even TCSH. This tutorial is not about Bash being incapable, but it is about how to breathe completely new life into the shell to do old things conveniently and new things which were previously not possible, even by a long shot. So, without further delay, let’s jump in. While the Python…

Replace your shell with Python

Scientific computing with NumPy

What you’ll need… NumPy www.numpy.org SciPy www.scipy.org Matplotlib www.matplotlib.org NumPy is the primary Python package for performing scienti_c computing. It has a powerful N-dimensional array object, tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code, linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities, among other things. NumPy also supports broadcasting, which is a clever way for universal functions to deal in a meaningful way with inputs that do not have exactly the same form. Apart from its capabilities, the other advantage of NumPy is that it can be integrated into Python programs. In other words, you may get your data from a database, the output of another program, an external _le or an HTML page and then process it using NumPy. This article will show you how to install NumPy, make calculations,…

Scientific computing with NumPy

Python for system administrators

What you’ll need… Python-devel Python development libraries, required for compiling third-party Python module setuptools setuptools allows you to download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages with ease Note This is written for the Python 2.X series, as it is still the most popular and default Python distribution across all the platforms (including all Linux distros, BSDs and Mac OS X). System administration is an important part of our computing environment. It does not matter whether you are managing systems at your work our home. Linux, being a UNIX-based operating system, already has everything a system administrator needs, such as the world-class shells (not just one but many, including Bash, csh, zsh etc), handy tools, and many other features which make the Linux system an administrator’s dream. So why do…

Python for system administrators

Scrape Wikipedia with Beautiful Soup

What you’ll need… Beautiful Soup www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/ HTML5Lib https://github.com/html5lib/html5lib-python Python 2.6+ & WikiParser. zip Six https://pypi.python.org/pypi/six/ In this tutorial we’ll use the popular Python library Beautiful Soup to scrape Wikipedia for links to articles and then save those pages for o_ine reading. This is ideal for when travelling or in a location with a poor internet connection. The plan is simple: using Beautiful Soup with the HTML5Lib Parser, we’re going to load a Wikipedia page, remove all of the GUI and unrelated content, search the content for links to other Wikipedia articles and then, after a tiny bit of modi_cation, write them to a _le. Even though it’s now the de facto knowledge base of the world, Wikipedia isn’t great when it comes to DOM consistency – that is, IDs and…

Scrape Wikipedia with Beautiful Soup

Create with Python

What could be more satisfying than playing a game that you have programmed yourself? In this section we’re going to show you how to do just that. We’ll get started with a simple game of tic-tac-toe, made with the help of Kivy (p.80), before stepping things up a notch and cloning the classic favourite, Pong (p.86). Then, it’s time to have a go at making a Space Invaders-inspired game complete with retro graphics (p.88). Finally, you’ll learn how to make a stripped-back ‘choose-yourown-adventure’ game (p.98). “Making a playable game is not as diffcult as you may think”…

Create with Python

Build tic-tac-toe with Kivy

Kivy is a highly cross-platform graphical framework for Python, designed for the creation of innovative user interfaces like multitouch apps. Its applications can run not only on the traditional desktop platforms of Linux, OS X and Windows, but also Android and iOS, plus devices like the Raspberry Pi. That means you can develop cross-platform apps using Python libraries such as Requests, SQLAlchemy or even NumPy. You can even access native mobile APIs straight from Python using some of Kivy’s sister projects. Another great feature is the Cython-optimised OpenGL graphics pipeline, allowing advanced GPU effects even though the basic Python API is very simple. Kivy is a set of Python/Cython modules that can easily be installed via pip, but you’ll need a few dependencies. It uses Pygame as a rendering backend…

Build tic-tac-toe with Kivy

Make a Pong clone with Python

The Raspberry Pi is a fantastic way to start learning how to code. One area that can be very rewarding for amateur coders is game programming, allowing for a more interactive result and a greater sense of accomplishment. Game programming can also teach improvisation and advanced mathematics skills for code. We’ll be using the fantastic SimpleGUITk module in Python, a very straightforward way of creating graphical interfaces based on Tkinter. What you’ll need… Latest Raspbian Image www.raspberrypi.org/downloads Pillow https://github.com/python-imaging/Pillow SimpleGUITk https://github.com/dholm/simpleguitk/ Python module preparation 01 Head to the websites we’ve listed in ‘What you’ll need’ and download a zip of the source files from the GitHub pages. Update your Raspbian packages and then install the following: $ sudo apt-get install python-dev python-setuptools tk8.5-dev tcl8.5-dev Install the modules 02 Open the…

Make a Pong clone with Python

Program a Space Invaders clone

When you’re learning to program in a new language or trying to master a new module, experimenting with a familiar and relatively simply project is a very useful exercise to help expand your understanding of the tools you’re using. Our Space Invaders clone is one such example that lends itself perfectly to Python and the Pygame module – it’s a simple game with almost universally understood rules and logic. We’ve tried to use many features of Pygame, which is designed to make the creation of games and interactive applications easier. We’ve extensively used the Sprite class, which saves dozens of lines of extra code in making collision detection simple and updating the screen and its many actors a single-line command. Have fun with the project and make sure you tweak…

Program a Space Invaders clone

Pivaders Pt 2: graphics & sound

We had great fun creating our basic Space Invaders clone, Pivaders, in the previous guide. Pygame’s ability to group, manage and detect collisions thanks to the Sprite class really made a great difference to our project, not just in terms of code length, but in simplicity too. If you missed the first part of the project, you can find the v0.1 code listing on GitHub via git.io/cBVTBg, while you can find version v0.2 of the code, including all the images, music and sound effects we’ve used at git.io/8QsK-w. To help keep our project code manageable and straightforward (as your projects grow keeping your code easy to follow becomes increasingly harder) we integrated a few animation methods into our Game class and opted to use a sprite sheet. Not only does…

Pivaders Pt 2: graphics & sound

Make a visual novel game

Most people look for a compelling story in modern videogames, and those that don’t have one are appearing less and less. A great way to tell a pure story is through the genre of visual novels, and you can make one fairly simply in Python. These interactive novels are an extremely popular form of entertainment in Japan, and usually work by having the player click through a story and make decisions as they go along in order to experience different plot points and endings. In Python, this is a relatively simple project to create, but with the addition of the Pygame module we can make it easier still, and even more expandable for the future. Pygame adds better support for positioning the images and text, creating display windows and using…

Make a visual novel game

Use Python with Pi

From the tutorials up to this point, you’ll have a _ rm grounding in Python. Now we’re going to add the Raspberry Pi computer. You’ll discover exciting projects such as sending SMS texts from your Raspberry Pi to a mobile phone (p.102), programming a voice synthesiser (p.114), and using it to get more out of Minecraft (p.116). You’ll also learn how to code a Twitter bot (p.122), and build your own networked Hi-Fi (p.124).…

Use Python with Pi

Using Python on Raspberry Pi

This tutorial follows on from the one last issue: ‘Setting up the Raspberry Pi’, where we showed you how to prepare your SD card for use with the Raspberry Pi. The beauty of using an SD card image is that the operating system is ready to go and a development environment is already configured for us. We’ll use a lightweight integrated development environment (IDE) called Geany for our Python development. Geany provides a friendlier interface compared to text-based editors such as nano to make it easier to get into the swing of things. This tutorial will cover topics such as: • Basic arithmetic • Comparison operators, for example ‘equal to’ and ‘not equal to’ • Control structures, for example loops and if statements By the end, we’ll have an advanced…

Using Python on Raspberry Pi

Send an SMS from your Pi

Text messaging, or SMS (Short Message Service), has become a staple of everyday communication. For many of us, not a day will go by without sending a text message. What began life as a 40 pence message service is now o_ ered by most tari_ providers as an unlimited service. Twilio, a cloud communications company, enables you to send SMS messages for free from your Raspberry Pi to a mobile phone using just six lines of code. So, you no longer need to be chained to your mobile while you work, and can focus on one screen rather than two! What you’ll need… Raspberry Pi Twilio account Set up your Twilio account 01 The first step of this project is to register for a Twilio account and Twilio number. This…

Send an SMS from your Pi

Voice synthesizer

We’ve shown how the Raspberry Pi can be used to power all kinds of projects, but as a tiny computer it can also be the centre of an Internet of Things in your house too. For these reasons and more, using the Raspberry Pi for text-to-voice commands could be just what you’re looking for. Due to the Debian base of Raspbian, the powerful eSpeak library is easily available for anyone looking to make use of it. There’s also a module that allows you to use eSpeak in Python, going beyond the standard command-line prompts so you can perform automation tasks. What you’ll need… Portable USB speakers python-espeak module eSpeak Raspbian (latest image) Did you know… Using eSpeak you can control the way the words are spoken to add emphasis or…

Voice synthesizer

Visualise music in Minecraft with the PianoHAT

Pimoroni has created the PianoHAT, the ultimate mini musical companion for your Raspberry Pi! It is_inspired by Zachary Igielman’s PiPiano and made with his blessing. _ The HAT consists of a dinky eight-key piano add-on, with touch-sensitive keys and LEDs. It can be used for many creative and musical purposes, such as playing music_ in Python, controlling software synths on your Raspberry Pi, taking control of hardware synthesisers, or unlocking your inner Mozart. This tutorial will show you how to set up the hardware, introduce you to the basic features of the software and show you how to combine these together in Minecraft to create musical blocks and a visualisation of your melodies. You can view a demonstration video here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezJgXp01MPk What you’ll need… PianoHAT Raspberry Pi Full code listing…

Visualise music in Minecraft with the PianoHAT

Code your own Twitter bot

Twitter is a useful way of sharing information with the world and it’s our favourite method of giving our views quickly and conveniently. Many millions of people use the microblogging platform from their computers, mobile devices and possibly even have it on their_televisions. You don’t need to keep pressing that retweet button, though. With a sprinkling of Python, you can have your Raspberry Pi do it for you. Here’s how to create your own Twitter bot… Full code listing What you’ll need… Internet connectivity Latest version of Raspbian www.raspberrypi.org/downloads Installing the required software 01 Log into the Raspbian system with the username Pi and the password raspberry. Get the latest package lists using the command sudo apt-get update. Then install the Python Package installer using sudo apt-get install python-pip. Once…

Code your own Twitter bot

Build your own networked Hi-Fi with a Pi Zero

Here we will show you how to create a high-quality networked music player that takes advantage of the UK’s online radio stations, Linux’s popular Music Player Daemon, and a responsive web-server to control it all. The full-sized Raspberry Pis have two built-in audio outputs: audio over HDMI cable and a 3.5mm headphone jack that can suffer interference and noise. The Pi Zero itself has no audio jacks but Pimoroni has come to the rescue and built a high-quality DAC (digital audio converter) using the same chip as the Hi-Fi berry (PCM5102A). What you’ll need… Github repository http://github.com/alexellis/pyPlaylist pimoroni pHAT DAC £10-12 pimoroni.com Soldering iron, flux & solder Soldering the headers 01 The pHAT DAC comes with a 40-pin header, which you’ll need to solder. We consider a flux pen, work-lamp…

Build your own networked Hi-Fi with a Pi Zero

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