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30 Articles

From the minds of babes

THERE’S AN APP on my iPhone called ColorScanner. It’s a tool designed to capture and copy real-world hues so you can refer to them later—perhaps to find a matching shade of paint. But I use it a little differently. I’m an achromat (that is, I see everything in tones of gray), and I open the app when I’m shopping to check the tinge of anything from shirts to rugs. It’s a workaround I figured out on my own, a way to navigate a world not designed for grayscale peepers like mine. To be fair, it’s also not a problem most people would even realize needs fixing. Unless, of course, they are the type who looks at things slightly askance. A person, perhaps, like Stacy Branham. One of the early-career scientists honored…

From the minds of babes

The childhood habits we won’t quit

Sleeping with my teddy bear. My parents got it on a trip to Chicago when I was a toddler, and it’s so comforting to wrap my arm around it when I tuck myself in.Sandra Gutierrez, associate DIY editorI got my hands on a Nintendo controller for the first time when I was 4. I turned my love of gaming into a career, and 30 years later, I still play every day.Mike Epstein, reviews editorI still love to dip Hershey chocolate bars into a jar of peanut butter, a simple and tasty pro tip I picked up from my paternal grandmother.Chuck Squatriglia, digital edition editorI’ve eaten sandwiches in a weird, specific way my entire life. I bite around the outside until I make a sandwich peninsula. Then I devour the middle…

What’s behind the baby bust?

WHEN THE COMMON ERA STARTED a little over two millennia ago, as few as 170 million Homo sapiens lived on Earth. Except for the notable dip caused by the bubonic plague pandemic of the 14th century, that number grew steadily through 1800 to about 910 million. It has since exploded to almost 8 billion. It seems logical to assume the planet will only grow more crowded. Yet global average birthrates have dropped by half since 1968, to 2.4 children per woman. Nations facing steep declines find this worrying, because dwindling populations can stymie economic growth. But demographers say the trend is neither good nor bad. It simply reflects the ongoing improvements in the lives—and livelihoods—of childbearing women and kids everywhere. Here’s a look at some factors driving the change. Costly kids mean…

Evolutionary infants

WE HUMANS SPLIT FROM our hominid ancestors around half a million years ago, creating a new branch in the tree of life. Natural selection, genetic mutations, and geographic separation can create these new limbs, but just when they sprout remains widely debated. Biologists long thought it occurred when individuals from two groups could not produce fertile offspring, but hybrids like ligers throw even that basic construct into question. The changes at work in DNA are still largely unclear, so studying recent arrivals like these offers insights into budding species. Nylon-eating bacteria In 1975, Japanese scientists discovered a bacterium that digests the synthetic byproducts of nylon manufacturing—substances created just four decades earlier. They found that a few key mutations in the genetic code of Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens KI72 helped produce these plastic-eating enzymes. Short-spined sea…

The perfect playground

THE BEST PLAY AREAS offer more than recreation. They provide children with a dynamic classroom in which to hone motor skills, test boundaries, and learn conflict resolution. Yet child development experts and architects alike agree that many of the spaces we have now don’t always facilitate the kind of rich, meaningful play that provides those lessons. They say these six components are critical to creating the ideal outdoor experience—and to making recess as entertaining as possible. 1 / Inspire imagination Little ones exercise their innate creativity by working with materials and tools to craft ever-changing adventures. Things like crates, tires, sand, and water allow active minds to devise and revise all kinds of engaging activities alone or with others. 2 / Provide challenges Allowing rugrats to take age-appropriate risks builds confidence. Fast slides, big…

What secrets can baby black holes reveal?

WHEN FEIGE WANG WAS GROWING UP in Shandong province, China, he liked gazing up at the night sky to look at the stars. Now, as a NASA Hubble fellow at the University of Arizona’s Steward Observatory, he looks much deeper into the darkness to contemplate the most distant objects ever studied. His targets, quasars, are black holes surrounded by disks of gas and stars—the nuclei of primitive galaxies. Their dark hearts suck in nearby matter and crush the absorbed material into a superhot disk, which burns bright as it shoots out immense amounts of energy. That’s the feature that allows us to spot them from so far away. But because it takes billions of years for their light to reach Earth, we see these beacons in the blackness as they existed…

What secrets can baby black holes reveal?

Which came first: The chicken or the egg?

FROM ARISTOTLE to Diderot, the mind-bending conundrum of chicken vs. egg has puzzled deep thinkers and fueled endless classroom debates. But biology has an answer to this philosophical paradox: The thing with wings surely followed cells in a shell. That’s because the earliest creatures birthed from yolks wore scales, not feathers, says Jingmai O’Connor, a paleontologist and curator at the Field Museum in Chicago. Embryos encased in calcium evolved in dinosaurs about 200 million years ago; avian species did not emerge until tens of millions of years later. O’Connor knows this because in 2019, she and paleontologist Alida Bailleul of the Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered the oldest known unlaid bird egg. They found it in a fossilized Avimaia schweitzerae, a sparrow-size specimen that lived some 120 million years ago in what…

Which came first: The chicken or the egg?

Does homework really make students smarter?

WHEN YOU’RE A KID, your stance on homework is pretty simple: It’s the worst. For parents and teachers, the verdict is more complicated. Data on its benefits are uncertain at best. That doesn’t stop educators from handing it out, though. According to a 2019 Pew survey, teens spend about an hour studying on their own each day—twice as long as adolescents did in the 1990s. Little ones have it only slightly easier: A 2015 study found first and second graders spend 30 minutes on lessons after school. But does that grind make students any smarter? A 2012 analysis of more than 18,000 American 10th graders showed that those who completed their math and science chores didn’t earn appreciably better grades than those who skipped them. (They did, however, receive superior scores on…

How do you teach kids about gender?

FROM THE MOMENT children are born, they’re bombarded with messages on gender. Girls wear pink and boys wear blue; ladies are gentle and gents are tough; lasses are preschool teachers and lads are construction workers. Not all stereotypes are so explicit, but studies suggest that these norms can quickly lead kids to form self-limiting rules, false ideas, and damaging prejudices. Thankfully, research also offers a solution: Adults should talk to toddlers about gender from the moment they’re able to hold a conversation. But these sensitive lessons can be challenging. We asked four child-development experts to lay out some guidance for helping young ones navigate these topics. “Kids need lots of messages to learn within-gender differences and cross-gender similarities. Whenever they say something like, ‘Girls like ballet,’ respond with, ‘Do we know any…

How do you teach kids about gender?

Will we ever replicate breast milk?

IN 1865, German Chemist Justus von Liebig mixed powdered cow’s milk with wheat and malt flours and a bit of potassium bicarbonate to create the first artificial alternative to breastfeeding. Today, 75 percent of infants in the US receive at least some “formula” within their first six months. But despite more than a century of research, no one’s been able to decipher the recipe for the real thing, let alone create a perfect analogue. Human milk is a complex combination of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates that sustain a growing infant and foster the development of a robust immune system. But chemists and nutritionists haven’t yet pinned down all the specific ingredients and what they do. “This is such a humbling area of research,” says Rachael Buck, a biologist and immunologist at…

Will we ever replicate breast milk?

What’s next for the Brood X cicadas?

IN THE STILLNESS of the late-July air, a new generation of cicadas prepared to debut in the broadleaf forests of the mid-Atlantic. Weeks earlier, its parents had staged a loud and messy show during the historic Brood X emergence of 2021. Their offspring greeted the world in a more subdued fashion: They hatched from eggs resembling miniature grains of rice and then quietly dropped to the ground, where they’ll take shelter for the next 17 years. These newborn insects, called nymphs, are so teensy they can wriggle through existing cracks to get to their burrows. Some might follow the tunnels excavated by their elders to dine on sap from small, shallow roots. From there, though, their childhoods are quite mysterious. The critters eat, skulk, and grow in the dark for nearly…

What’s next for the Brood X cicadas?

What’s the point of baby talk?

“CAN YOU SAY MAMA? Or dada? Wave bye-bye!” If you’ve spent any time around a baby, chances are you’ve heard or said things like this. The high-pitched, singsong tone we switch to when interacting with young children can go by many names—baby talk, parentese, or, according to development specialists, infant-directed speech. But as simplistic as this melodic chitchat might seem, the conversations are crucial. Baby talk is an essential piece of speech and language development. Studies show that when infants are exposed to daily doses of it throughout their first year of life, they develop more robust vocabularies than other kiddos. And the little ones are eager for it: The distinct tone of parentese grabs their attention, recent research shows, allowing them to reap the benefits. By analyzing the jabber between…

What’s the point of baby talk?

PLAYDATE IS THE LAST THING YOU’D EXPECT from a game console in 2021. Its tiny 2.7-inch monochromatic screen delivers a paltry 400-by-240 resolution (that’s fewer pixels than an Apple Watch). The display isn’t backlit, so you’ll need a flashlight if you want to game in the dark. It sports just 16MB of RAM. That’s megabytes, not gigabytes. But boy, is this adorable handheld fun. Without features like ultra-HD graphics and 3D audio to dazzle the senses, players are free to concentrate on the wonderfully simple gameplay. Playdate comes from Panic, a software outfit in Portland, Oregon, known for taking risks. Back in 2019, it found surprising success with the Untitled Goose Game, a title on all major consoles that casts players as a petulant waterfowl causing havoc with townspeople to complete missions.…

Snack time machine

1. Lunchables An upscale version of the sweaty cheese and meat blocks of yore, Columbus Charcuterie Tasting Board feature combinations like Italian salami, white cheddar, and dark chocolate–covered cranberries. 2. Chips To make Chickpea Snacks satisfy cravings for something crunchy and salty, Biena slow roasts organic legumes in sunflower oil, then dusts them in savory flavors like barbecue and habanero. 3. Fruit Roll-Ups A proprietary dehydration process keeps the mango, banana, and pineapple in Solely Fruit Jerky chewy and sweet—without the added sugar and chemical binders often found in similarly sticky treats. 4. Chocolate Milk Ripple Dairy-Free Pea Milk contains one-third the sugar of the real thing. Making it also requires just 17 percent of the water required for almond milk, and the fact that it’s nut-free means it won’t trigger allergies. 5. Pop Tarts Bobo’s Toast’r Pastries ditch…

1. Jump rope Two sets of bearings in the RPM Session4’s machined-aluminum handles keep things twirling at max speed with minimal resistance. To ensure proper hopping clearance, snip the 12-foot braided steel cable so that its ends reach your armpits when you stand on the rope. 2. Hula hoop The 36-inch Healthy Model Life fitness hoop, available in 2- and 3-pound weights, works just like the loop you had as a kid but requires more effort to keep aloft. Thick foam cushions your torso during long sessions, and the whole thing snaps into eight pieces for easy transport. 3. Trampoline Bouncing burns about 1,000 calories per hour, and the Marcy Cardio Trampoline Trainer’s 40-inch pad is small enough to use anywhere. Its wide elastic bands support jumpers up to 250 pounds, and the nylon mat…

Chrome improvement

For the beginner Dell designed the Chromebook 3100 to endure the gauntlet of elementary school. With its stout plastic chassis and rubberized edges, this 11.6-inch machine is tough enough to survive a 30-inch fall. Covered ports and a sealed keyboard ensure that a catastrophic juice box failure won’t land this machine in the repair shop. For the power user Google’s Pixelbook Go offers many of the same specs found in top-tier Windows laptops, but it weighs just 2 pounds. The flagship includes a burly Core i7 processor, a generous 16GB of RAM, and a roomy 256GB solid-state drive. Its 12-hour battery life is enough for a full day of studying—or procrastinating. For the aspiring creative Thanks to its 4,096 levels of pressure sensitivity, the pen nestled in the body of the Asus Chromebook CM3 can…

Chrome improvement

1. Brave Justice Snack Attack Five flexible flaps let little hands reach through this collapsible container’s lid without removing it, keeping Cheerios off your upholstery. It holds up to 8 ounces of a kiddo’s favorite food and fits in car cup holders. 2. Alvababy Wet Dry Bag These waterproof lined polyester totes are roomy enough for a day’s worth of dirty cloth diapers. A second spacious zippered compartment provides stowage for clean duds or befouled outfits. 3. OXO Tot-on-the-Go Wipes Dispenser A sturdy plastic loop allows this container to dangle from a backpack strap. The push-button lid opens with a single snap, allowing quick access for emergency mop-ups. 4. Babyganics SPF 50 Sunscreen This lotion combines ray-blocking titanium dioxide and zinc oxide with tomato, sunflower, cranberry, and other oils to protect young skin. The zinc means it…

It’s in our blood

A PUDGY BLACK MOUSE snuffles around a tiny tower of Legos, turns away, then comes back to snuffle again. He’s 18 months old—a senior citizen, in rodent terms. And it’s getting tough to keep it all straight. Do these blocks seem familiar to him? Has he seen this thing before? He’s a bit muddled, but that’s not his fault. Few new neurons are being born inside his itty-bitty brain. The cells that once exuberantly branched, sending lush offshoots to interweave and connect with others, are now sparse and barren. This Lego test indirectly measures those physical changes by monitoring his behavior. When mice of a certain age become forgetful, they spend more time checking out little trinkets they’ve seen before—objects that should warrant only a quick “Oh yeah, that thing again” glance.…

It’s in our blood

Welcome to the new metropolis

FROM ROME’S VAST TRAJAN’S FORUM to Angkor Wat’s stone temples, cities have been magnets for trade, art, and culture since ancient times. Urban living as we know it first emerged around 3500 B.C.E. along the Nile Valley and Sumerian coast. Unlike the semipermanent villages that came before them, these social and political hubs were built around sophisticated systems of agriculture and transportation. Today, around 56 percent of the world’s population is urban, and by 2050 that number could jump to around 70 percent, by some estimates. While metropolises continue to serve as centers for economic growth, they’re also facing unprecedented challenges: affordable housing crises, unemployment, healthcare shortages, food and water scarcity, and social inequity. They’re also on the front lines of climate change. With 90 percent of all urban areas located…

Welcome to the new metropolis

The thing about kids today

IF ONE WERE TO MAKE a Generation Z mood board, it might include, in no particular order: TikTok, climate activism, autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR), Olivia Rodrigo, Minecraft, and calling older folks out of date or “cheugy.” A unifying theme, beyond the phone-bound youth associated with these things, is the internet. Climate TikTok galvanizes the young and eco-conscious. Regular TikTok unleashes Gen Z barbs like cheugy unto the group’s predecessors, millennials (ouch). Whispered Minecraft commentary does double duty as ASMR. “Drivers License” sped through a global pandemic into the streaming-music hall of fame. As Gen Z creates and inhabits entire digital worlds of its own, older groups may feel left out—or pushed out, if the tone set by some cultural commentators is to be taken seriously. Many of them contend that…

The illusionists

CATERPILLARS ARE MASTERS OF DECEPTION. Some imitate sticks and leaves to avoid becoming lunch. Others flash bright colors to convey their toxic nature. A few even wave pumped-up limbs to frighten foes. ¶ Despite such impressive maneuvers, humans tend to overlook these wee wonders. But they rarely escape the eye of Samuel Jaffe, an entomologist who’s spent his life uncovering their anonymous exploits, a fascination that began when he was a kid collecting the critters near his Massachusetts home. ¶ Before long, Jaffe started photographing them. In 2013, that project blossomed into the Caterpillar Lab, an education center in New Hampshire with thousands of live specimens. The nonprofit’s scores of caterpillar close-ups provide a fascinating glimpse of the secrets hiding in backyards everywhere, just waiting to be found. Baltimore checkerspot Studying caterpillars…

LI XIN ZHANG’S SUMMER CAMP began with sandwiches—not eating them but designing them. The rising seventh grader listened as teachers asked her and her peers to write instructions for building the ideal peanut butter, jelly, and bread concoction. Heads down, the students each created their own how-to. When they returned to the Zoom matrix of digital faces and told one another about their constructions, they realized something: Each of them had made a slightly different sandwich, favoring the characteristics they held dear. Not necessarily good, not necessarily bad, but definitely not neutral. Their sandwiches were biased. Because they were biased, and they had built the recipe. The activity was called Best PB&J Algorithm, and Zhang and more than 30 other Boston-area kids between the ages of 10 and 15 were embarking on…

FRESH EYES can change the world, and a world stressed by a pandemic, climate change, and inequity is one more ripe for change than we have ever experienced before. That’s why, after a five-year break, Popular Science is bringing back the Brilliant 10: an annual roster of early-career scientists and engineers developing ingenious approaches to problems across a range of disciplines. To find those innovators, we embarked on a nationwide search, vetting hundreds of researchers from institutions of all stripes and sizes. These thinkers represent our best hopes for navigating the unprecedented challenges of tomorrow—and today. MAKING FUTURE FORECASTS LESS HAZY ALLISON WING SEES a hole in the world’s major climate models: The reports published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change factor in water vapor, but not the way it forms…

YOU DON’T NEED to buy magic beans in aisle five for a grocery store miracle. Just save those unused bits of fruits and veggies you cast aside while preparing dinner. With a little bit of luck and care, you can grow them over and over again. FIND THE BEST SOURCE Some producers spray certain crops, like potatoes, with chemicals to keep them from sprouting in storage. To avoid this, buy directly from a farmer (and get their growing tips too). You can try planting store-bought produce, but you may have less success. PICK THE RIGHT PLANT Roots on veggies such as onions, bok choy, and fennel mean they’ll likely regenerate. Others can grow from small pieces—think carrot tops, garlic cloves, chunks of ginger, and potato eyes. Fruits with obvious seeds, including tomatoes, citrus, and…

YOU DON’T HAVE to spend hours sweating in the gym each day to lead a long, healthy life. A few simple lifts and stretches can help maintain strength, improve mobility, and prevent aches as you age. The key is to focus on what some trainers call “functional fitness”—exercises that translate to everyday tasks like hauling groceries and taking out the trash. A move called the weighted carry is a good place to start. Take a dumbbell in each hand, hold them at your sides, keep your spine straight, and walk. A trap bar dead lift imitates lifting something off the floor, working the legs and back. And squats are another great exercise, as they reinforce the lower body by mimicking rising from a chair. Stretching is also essential because it increases flexibility…

Gen Z’s guide to cassette players

FROM THE MID-1960S to the early 2000s, cassettes reigned supreme with audiophiles thanks to their portability, low price, and crisp sound quality. They eventually lost their throne (first to CDs, and then to MP3s and streaming platforms), but they recently became trendy again. Before you rush out to buy one of these retro devices, however, just know you’ll need a few tools to help you enjoy the full tape deck experience. A / SPARE BATTERIES Cassette players typically use a pair of AAs or AAAs to roll the tape across a magnet at 1.875 inches per second. As the power drains, the sound becomes unstable. Stashing a couple in your pocket or purse can save you on the go. B / WIRED LISTENING DEVICE Some modern decks may be Bluetooth capable, but you’re more likely…

Gen Z’s guide to cassette players

Plant parenthood for newbies

YOUR FAVORITE HOUSEPLANT’S native environment may be a lot different from your home. Take jade, for example. This succulent hails from the Eastern Cape of South Africa, where it endures unpredictable rainfall and drought. So constant, anxious watering could make Crassula ovata feel as if it’s living in one of the rainiest places on the planet. Whatever the species, overhydrating your leafy friends prevents them from absorbing the oxygen they need and literally suffocates them. The roots rot and turn brown, while the leaves wilt and yellow. And stopping the deluge may not make much of a difference—decay starts below the surface, so when you begin to see the damage, it’s probably too late already. The best solution here is prevention. Find out how much water your houseplant needs, and set your…

Plant parenthood for newbies

The mind molder

RIGHT AFTER BABIES ARE BORN, every stimulus around them helps shape their squishy brain. This is why it’s important to keep them interacting with their surroundings as much as possible in a safe way. Enter the mobile, a vibrant gizmo with hanging objects that will provide your child with hours of entertainment even when they’re doing nothing but lying snugly in the crib. In their first year of life, infants move through multiple cognitive stages and developmental milestones. That’s why the best mobiles grow along with them, and this homemade one does the trick. Time: 1 hour Cost: $45 Difficulty: Easy Materials: • Flexible metal electrical conduit• Spring clamp• String• 24 inches of 10-gauge copper wire• Electrical tape• An 8-inch wooden hoop• Items to hang from the mobile Tools: • Metal hacksaw • Measuring tape• Scissors STEP 1 Saw the…

The mind molder

Foodie in training

IN MOST CASES, a tyke’s refusal to tuck into certain dishes is a normal phase that will eventually pass. But sometimes, the habit persists well into adulthood, making every dinner a challenge. These three tips will get anybody—from youngsters to elders—to chow down. MAKE MEALTIME FUN Parents should introduce flavors by offering children small bits to study, smash, and taste. Older kids and grown-ups should venture into the kitchen, as they’re more likely to try grub they’ve helped prepare. Cute dinnerware also makes things more tempting. STIR IN SMALL CHANGES Add new foods to known favorites by, say, sprinkling some chopped broccoli over mac and cheese or pairing shellfish with mashed potatoes. Patience and familiarity are key, especially with children: It can take as many as 10 encounters for them to form an opinion. THINK…

Foodie in training

Riding the wind

MERRY-GO-ROUNDS WERE ICONIC in the hearts and minds of kiddos and grown-ups alike after the turn of the 20th century. Walt Disney cited the spinning spectacles as his inspiration for the Happiest Place on Earth, and carnival folk dubbed them “the First Ride.” During this golden age of carousels, Popular Science even offered readers instructions for building their own. But given that fewer than half of American homes had access to electricity at the time, that 1919 model got its power from the wind. Before electrification in the late 19th century, manual cranks, pedals, mules, and, eventually, steam spun the whirling stages, which sported simple features like suspended seats and benches. Voltage allowed designers to introduce the classic bobbing horses, organ music, festive lights, and double decks. But appetites for old-school thrills…

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