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64 Articles

At what cost do we bring about change? That seems like a pretty pervasive question for humanity. It’s likely one of the major reasons why many people resist a change, even if they think it will be beneficial to them in principle. What will it cost? It’s a concern made all the more understandable when you look at the events that followed the French Revolution. The overthrow of the monarchy to install a democratically elected government should, in principle, have meant good things for the people of France (or at least the men of France who were given the universal right to vote from 1792). It should have brought an end to corrupt government and the consolidation of wealth among the aristocracy, and in many ways it did. But who…

At what cost do we bring about change? That seems like a pretty pervasive question for humanity. It’s likely one of the major reasons why many people resist a change, even if they think it will be beneficial to them in principle. What will it cost? It’s a concern made all the more understandable when you look at the events that followed the French Revolution. The overthrow of the monarchy to install a democratically elected government should, in principle, have meant good things for the people of France (or at least the men of France who were given the universal right to vote from 1792). It should have brought an end to corrupt government and the consolidation of wealth among the aristocracy, and in many ways it did. But who…

Defining Moments

22-28 September 1950 THE SECOND BATTLE OF SEOUL Two weeks after securing victory at the Battle of Inchon, United Nations forces successfully recapture Seoul from the North Koreans. The South Korean capital had been invaded by the North three months earlier, and the progress from Inchon to Seoul by UN troops was slow and resulted in heavy casualties. 10 September 1960 ABEBE BIKILA WINS OLYMPIC GOLD At the Summer Olympics in Rome, Ethiopian Abebe Bikila becomes the first East African to win a gold medal, winning the men’s marathon. An unknown athlete at the time, he ran the entire race barefoot. He retained his title at the 1964 Olympics, becoming the first athlete to win consecutive Olympic marathons.…

Defining Moments

Defining Moments

22-28 September 1950 THE SECOND BATTLE OF SEOUL Two weeks after securing victory at the Battle of Inchon, United Nations forces successfully recapture Seoul from the North Koreans. The South Korean capital had been invaded by the North three months earlier, and the progress from Inchon to Seoul by UN troops was slow and resulted in heavy casualties. 10 September 1960 ABEBE BIKILA WINS OLYMPIC GOLD At the Summer Olympics in Rome, Ethiopian Abebe Bikila becomes the first East African to win a gold medal, winning the men’s marathon. An unknown athlete at the time, he ran the entire race barefoot. He retained his title at the 1964 Olympics, becoming the first athlete to win consecutive Olympic marathons.…

Defining Moments

SEEKING A SOLUTION 1120 Romanesque buildings with semi-circular arches need thick walls for support. Medieval masons switch to pointed arches upon more slender columns, allowing for greater widths and heights. 1140 THE FIRST GOTHIC BUILDING 1140 Having decided to rebuild parts of an abbey church north of Paris, Abbot Suger defines Gothic architecture. The new eastern end of the Basilica of Saint-Denis is tall and filled with light via large stained glass windows. There’s a pointed arch and a ribbed vault. JAMB STATUES 1144 By the time the Basilica of Saint-Denis is complete, it has jamb figures of Old Testament royalty carved on the west facade. Such figures become commonplace in the jambs of doorways or windows. FLYING BUTTRESSES 1160 Flying buttresses (an inclined beam on a half-arch projected from the walls, adding weight support) become popular. Notre-Dame…

Inside History NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS

In a city boasting the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum and the Arc de Triomphe, Notre-Dame has nevertheless managed to hold its own. Before it was ravaged by the fire of 15 April 2019, which destroyed its spire and melted the roof, this fine example of Gothic architecture was welcoming 13 million visitors each year, making it Paris’ number one tourist attraction. The construction of Notre-Dame on the Ile de la Cite began in 1163 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and it was completed in 1345. Given this lengthy timeframe, it was a construction project that evolved over the years – the rose windows being added later in the 13th century, for example. But even when it was thought to be finished, architects added their own stamp over the following centuries. The…

Inside History NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS

SEEKING A SOLUTION 1120 Romanesque buildings with semi-circular arches need thick walls for support. Medieval masons switch to pointed arches upon more slender columns, allowing for greater widths and heights. 1140 THE FIRST GOTHIC BUILDING 1140 Having decided to rebuild parts of an abbey church north of Paris, Abbot Suger defines Gothic architecture. The new eastern end of the Basilica of Saint-Denis is tall and filled with light via large stained glass windows. There’s a pointed arch and a ribbed vault. JAMB STATUES 1144 By the time the Basilica of Saint-Denis is complete, it has jamb figures of Old Testament royalty carved on the west facade. Such figures become commonplace in the jambs of doorways or windows. FLYING BUTTRESSES 1160 Flying buttresses (an inclined beam on a half-arch projected from…

GOTHIC NOBLEWOMAN

FITTING IN Fashion has always played an important role throughout history as an indicator of wealth and social status, and this was no different in the Gothic era. In general, style changed rapidly during the 14th and 15th centuries, partly due to the political upheaval caused by the Hundred Years’ War. LITTLE DETAILS Women always wore a long underrobe underneath their houppelande, which was an overgown. Houppelandes had a fitted waist that was emphasised with an ornate fabric belt. While men wore their belts at their natural waistline, women wore theirs below the bust. EXPENSIVE MATERIALS For noblewomen, houppelandes were typically made from sumptuous fabrics such as brocade, velvet or silk, which were sometimes decorated with embroidery. The lining of the gown would often be a different colour to provide a bright contrast. DISTINCTIVE HEADWEAR Noblewomen always…

GOTHIC NOBLEWOMAN

Inside History NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS

In a city boasting the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum and the Arc de Triomphe, Notre-Dame has nevertheless managed to hold its own. Before it was ravaged by the fire of 15 April 2019, which destroyed its spire and melted the roof, this fine example of Gothic architecture was welcoming 13 million visitors each year, making it Paris’ number one tourist attraction. The construction of Notre-Dame on the Ile de la Cite began in 1163 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and it was completed in 1345. Given this lengthy timeframe, it was a construction project that evolved over the years – the rose windows being added later in the 13th century, for example. But even when it was thought to be finished, architects added their own stamp over the following…

Inside History NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS

BOXWOOD MINIATURE PRAYER BEAD

While the grand scale of Gothic architecture is the most prominent example of the intricacies and detailed work of artists and architects of the era, smaller works could be even more remarkable in the right hands. Boxwood Miniatures, which are believed to have originated in the Netherlands, show just how fine and complex these works could become, spinning out from the same aesthetics as grand cathedrals. The intricate and rich designs on such a small scale are an incredible example of the craftsmanship and skill that existed in the early 16th century. Dozens of these carved wooden objects have survived and the detail of them is remarkable even by modern standards, let alone using the tools available at the time. Small chisels, a foot-powered lathe and, most likely, a magnifying glass,…

BOXWOOD MINIATURE PRAYER BEAD

GOTHIC NOBLEWOMAN

FITTING IN Fashion has always played an important role throughout history as an indicator of wealth and social status, and this was no different in the Gothic era. In general, style changed rapidly during the 14th and 15th centuries, partly due to the political upheaval caused by the Hundred Years’ War. LITTLE DETAILS Women always wore a long underrobe underneath their houppelande, which was an overgown. Houppelandes had a fitted waist that was emphasised with an ornate fabric belt. While men wore their belts at their natural waistline, women wore theirs below the bust. EXPENSIVE MATERIALS For noblewomen, houppelandes were typically made from sumptuous fabrics such as brocade, velvet or silk, which were sometimes decorated with embroidery. The lining of the gown would often be a different colour to provide…

GOTHIC NOBLEWOMAN

BOXWOOD MINIATURE PRAYER BEAD

While the grand scale of Gothic architecture is the most prominent example of the intricacies and detailed work of artists and architects of the era, smaller works could be even more remarkable in the right hands. Boxwood Miniatures, which are believed to have originated in the Netherlands, show just how fine and complex these works could become, spinning out from the same aesthetics as grand cathedrals. The intricate and rich designs on such a small scale are an incredible example of the craftsmanship and skill that existed in the early 16th century. Dozens of these carved wooden objects have survived and the detail of them is remarkable even by modern standards, let alone using the tools available at the time. Small chisels, a foot-powered lathe and, most likely, a magnifying…

BOXWOOD MINIATURE PRAYER BEAD

MAKERS OF THE GOTHIC MOVEMENT

Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis Northern France c.1081-1151 Although not a great theologian or designer, Suger is inexorably linked with the development of Gothic architecture and an early appreciator of its aesthetics. Of obscure background, in 1091 aged ten he joined the monastery of Saint-Denis near Paris and was appointed abbot in 1122. Suger’s flair for administration made him the ideal figure to oversee the logistics of rebuilding his abbey, and is depicted multiple times in the stained glass. The consecration of the new church in 1141 inspired bishops and their chapters all around France to rebuild their cathedrals with glazed clerestories supported by flying buttresses. MICHAEL OF CANTERBURY KENT, ENGLAND, C.1275-C.1321 An architect, his gatehouse for the abbey of St Augustine in Canterbury (c.1308) demonstrates his knowledge of French Rayonnant forms and his deployment of…

MAKERS OF THE GOTHIC MOVEMENT

SECRETS OF GOTHIC SCULPTURE

Where and when did Gothic sculpture first appear? The designation ‘Gothic’ is a modern concept; it’s helpful to art historians, who want to distinguish this kind of imagery from Classical, Romanesque, and Renaissance art. Those who commissioned, created and observed this statuary would have simply thought of it as new, and Christian – and, very probably, as French! What we call Gothic sculpture emerged in tandem with the new cathedrals displaying a modern, intentionally non-Classical style – pointed arches, rib-vaults, flying buttresses, improbable heights, thin walls, and so forth. These arose first in northern France, in and near Paris, starting in the 1130s-40s. Like many earlier pilgrimage churches, the new churches at Saint-Denis, Chartres, Paris (Notre-Dame), Sens and elsewhere used their western facades as the primary showpiece for visitors, and the portals…

SECRETS OF GOTHIC SCULPTURE

MAKERS OF THE GOTHIC MOVEMENT

Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis Northern France c.1081-1151 Although not a great theologian or designer, Suger is inexorably linked with the development of Gothic architecture and an early appreciator of its aesthetics. Of obscure background, in 1091 aged ten he joined the monastery of Saint-Denis near Paris and was appointed abbot in 1122. Suger’s flair for administration made him the ideal figure to oversee the logistics of rebuilding his abbey, and is depicted multiple times in the stained glass. The consecration of the new church in 1141 inspired bishops and their chapters all around France to rebuild their cathedrals with glazed clerestories supported by flying buttresses. MICHAEL OF CANTERBURY KENT, ENGLAND, C.1275-C.1321 An architect, his gatehouse for the abbey of St Augustine in Canterbury (c.1308) demonstrates his knowledge of French Rayonnant…

MAKERS OF THE GOTHIC MOVEMENT

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

1 BRUSSELS TOWN HALL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM The Town Hall of Brussels dominates the central square of the city. With a tower 96m tall and topped with a statue of the archangel Michael, the Town Hall was once one of the tallest buildings in Europe. Construction on the Town Hall began in 1402 using the local Brabantine Gothic style. At the time Brussels was home to the Duke of Brabant and the wealth flowing from this association allowed for the construction of this grand building. Expansion was also funded by the inclusion of the city’s trade guilds into the governance of the city. The facade contains hundreds of tabernacles that once housed statues of both saints and secular local rulers – this building was a statement of municipal power set in stone. Due to damage…

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

SECRETS OF GOTHIC SCULPTURE

Where and when did Gothic sculpture first appear? The designation ‘Gothic’ is a modern concept; it’s helpful to art historians, who want to distinguish this kind of imagery from Classical, Romanesque, and Renaissance art. Those who commissioned, created and observed this statuary would have simply thought of it as new, and Christian – and, very probably, as French! What we call Gothic sculpture emerged in tandem with the new cathedrals displaying a modern, intentionally non-Classical style – pointed arches, rib-vaults, flying buttresses, improbable heights, thin walls, and so forth. These arose first in northern France, in and near Paris, starting in the 1130s-40s. Like many earlier pilgrimage churches, the new churches at Saint-Denis, Chartres, Paris (Notre-Dame), Sens and elsewhere used their western facades as the primary showpiece for visitors, and…

SECRETS OF GOTHIC SCULPTURE

REIGN of TERROR

The evening sun hangs high over the courtyard of the Palais de Justice as the little cart makes its way through the vast crowds. Its passengers, three dirty and haggard men, look bleakly towards the ground, ignoring the heckling of the onlookers. One is badly beaten, his skin a pale colour and a bandage wrapped around his head. The dirty, tattered cloth is the only thing holding his jaw together. Across the square, the silhouette of the guillotine stands tall against the sky. Suddenly a woman pushes her way through the crowd, reaching the cart. “Monster spewed from Hell!” she cries. “The thought of your punishment intoxicates me with joy.” It is 28 July 1794 in Paris and Maximilien Robespierre is about to be executed. But just what is it…

REIGN of TERROR

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

1 BRUSSELS TOWN HALL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM The Town Hall of Brussels dominates the central square of the city. With a tower 96m tall and topped with a statue of the archangel Michael, the Town Hall was once one of the tallest buildings in Europe. Construction on the Town Hall began in 1402 using the local Brabantine Gothic style. At the time Brussels was home to the Duke of Brabant and the wealth flowing from this association allowed for the construction of this grand building. Expansion was also funded by the inclusion of the city’s trade guilds into the governance of the city. The facade contains hundreds of tabernacles that once housed statues of both saints and secular local rulers – this building was a statement of municipal power set in…

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

FRENCH REVOLUTION TIMELINE

July 1789 An angry mob attacks the Bastille prison, a symbol of the monarchy’s dictatorial power. The seven prisoners are freed and the governor killed, his head carried on a spike. Discontent against the monarchy spreads, the Revolution is in full swing. August 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen is adopted, outlining the basic principles that inspired the Revolution. June 1791 Louis XVI and family attempt to flee France, however they are captured at Varennes and imprisoned. He is executed in 1793. April 1792 The French Revolutionary Wars begin after France declares war on Austria, leading to two decades of bloody conflict. September 1792 The National Convention is established, making France a republic and abolishing the monarchy. March 1793 The first of the Vendee rebellions begins, plunging Revolutionary France into civil war when it is already fighting…

FRENCH REVOLUTION TIMELINE

DEATH OF A QUEEN

The daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa of Austria, Marie Antoinette was born in 1755, marrying Louis- Augustus at the age of 15. Following the start of the Revolution in 1789, Marie became a hated symbol of the French royal family’s detachment from the situation in France. For example,she purportedly uttered the phrase: “Let them eat cake” after being informed that her subjects had no bread. While the story has often been debated and evidence suggests that it was not true, the legend provides an example of the ordinary people’s overwhelming discontent with the ruling monarchy. Following the overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August 1792, Marie Antoinette spent the final year of her life in prison. Originally kept at the Temple, a luxurious prison-palace, she was…

DEATH OF A QUEEN

REIGN of TERROR

The evening sun hangs high over the courtyard of the Palais de Justice as the little cart makes its way through the vast crowds. Its passengers, three dirty and haggard men, look bleakly towards the ground, ignoring the heckling of the onlookers. One is badly beaten, his skin a pale colour and a bandage wrapped around his head. The dirty, tattered cloth is the only thing holding his jaw together. Across the square, the silhouette of the guillotine stands tall against the sky. Suddenly a woman pushes her way through the crowd, reaching the cart. “Monster spewed from Hell!” she cries. “The thought of your punishment intoxicates me with joy.” It is 28 July 1794 in Paris and Maximilien Robespierre is about to be executed. But just what is it…

REIGN of TERROR

MEETING MADAME GUILLOTINE

If any single object has become associated with the Terror, if not with the Revolution as a whole, then it is that of the guillotine. In 1789, during a debate surrounding the Penal Code, Dr Joseph- Ignace Guillotin proposed that a more humane way of executing prisoners be found. He suggested that death, without torture, by decapitation would be an appropriate method. The proposal approved, Dr Antoine Louis set about designing a device that would sever the head clean and quickly, avoiding the botched executions often seen by sword or axe beheadings. In Guillotin’s own words: “The mechanism falls like lightning; the head flies off; the blood spurts; the man no longer exists.” The prototype was tested on sheep and calves first, before human cadavers were used to provide a more…

MEETING MADAME GUILLOTINE

FRENCH REVOLUTION TIMELINE

July 1789 An angry mob attacks the Bastille prison, a symbol of the monarchy’s dictatorial power. The seven prisoners are freed and the governor killed, his head carried on a spike. Discontent against the monarchy spreads, the Revolution is in full swing. August 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen is adopted, outlining the basic principles that inspired the Revolution. June 1791 Louis XVI and family attempt to flee France, however they are captured at Varennes and imprisoned. He is executed in 1793. April 1792 The French Revolutionary Wars begin after France declares war on Austria, leading to two decades of bloody conflict. September 1792 The National Convention is established, making France a republic and abolishing the monarchy. March 1793 The first of the Vendee rebellions begins,…

FRENCH REVOLUTION TIMELINE

10 Strangest Bible stories

The Bible is the best-selling book of all time, according to the Guinness World Records, and it’s packed full of tales, some rather fantastic and others actually quite historical. While it has been through many revisions and translations, there is much historically we can take from it. Some stories, such as hell being named after a rubbish pit, refer to important archaeological sites – in this case Gehenna, a location believed to be in Jerusalem. Others, such as that of a literal scapegoat, explain how phrases that are commonly used in modern times came into existence. Here are just a few of the more bizarre biblical stories you can find. Human-God interbreeding Did mysterious superhumans influence God’s decision to send a flood? THE BOOK OF GENESIS The Book of Genesis says: “The sons of…

10 Strangest Bible stories

DEATH OF A QUEEN

The daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa of Austria, Marie Antoinette was born in 1755, marrying Louis- Augustus at the age of 15. Following the start of the Revolution in 1789, Marie became a hated symbol of the French royal family’s detachment from the situation in France. For example,she purportedly uttered the phrase: “Let them eat cake” after being informed that her subjects had no bread. While the story has often been debated and evidence suggests that it was not true, the legend provides an example of the ordinary people’s overwhelming discontent with the ruling monarchy. Following the overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August 1792, Marie Antoinette spent the final year of her life in prison. Originally kept at the Temple, a luxurious prison-palace, she…

DEATH OF A QUEEN

MEETING MADAME GUILLOTINE

If any single object has become associated with the Terror, if not with the Revolution as a whole, then it is that of the guillotine. In 1789, during a debate surrounding the Penal Code, Dr Joseph- Ignace Guillotin proposed that a more humane way of executing prisoners be found. He suggested that death, without torture, by decapitation would be an appropriate method. The proposal approved, Dr Antoine Louis set about designing a device that would sever the head clean and quickly, avoiding the botched executions often seen by sword or axe beheadings. In Guillotin’s own words: “The mechanism falls like lightning; the head flies off; the blood spurts; the man no longer exists.” The prototype was tested on sheep and calves first, before human cadavers were used to provide a…

MEETING MADAME GUILLOTINE

9/11 20 YEARS ON

The morning of 11 September 2001 was bright and calm across much of the East Coast of the United States of America. In New York, many city workers began their days as usual with a jog, running beneath a late summer’s blue sky. In Florida, Commander in Chief President George W Bush did exactly the same, enjoying an early morning run ahead of a routine visit to a school. Twelve hours later, many of those same workers would sit in front of their televisions watching him promise to protect their nation following the deadliest terrorist attacks the Western world had ever seen. As the joggers got ready for work, two men spoke to each other by phone from two different departure lounges at Logan International Airport in Boston. Mohamed Atta and…

9/11 20 YEARS ON

A TIMELINE OF THE DAY

7.59AM Flight 11 departs Logan International Airport with 11 crew and 81 passengers on board, bound for Los Angeles. Among the passengers are four hijackers 8.14AM Flight 175 leaves Logan International bound for Los Angeles. Five hijackers, another 51 passengers and nine crew are on board 8.14AM Flight 11 is hijacked over Massachusetts 8.20AM Flight 77 departs Washington Dulles Airport, en route to Los Angeles, carrying six crew and 58 passengers, including five hijackers 8.42AM Flight 93 takes off from Newark International Airport carrying seven crew and 37 passengers, among them four hijackers 8.42AM Flight 175 is hijacked above New Jersey 8.46AM Flight 11 is crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center 8.50AM Flight 77 is hijacked above southern Ohio 9.03AM Flight 175 is crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center 9.05AM US President George W Bush is informed that America is under…

A TIMELINE OF THE DAY

10 Strangest Bible stories

The Bible is the best-selling book of all time, according to the Guinness World Records, and it’s packed full of tales, some rather fantastic and others actually quite historical. While it has been through many revisions and translations, there is much historically we can take from it. Some stories, such as hell being named after a rubbish pit, refer to important archaeological sites – in this case Gehenna, a location believed to be in Jerusalem. Others, such as that of a literal scapegoat, explain how phrases that are commonly used in modern times came into existence. Here are just a few of the more bizarre biblical stories you can find. Human-God interbreeding Did mysterious superhumans influence God’s decision to send a flood? THE BOOK OF GENESIS The Book of Genesis…

10 Strangest Bible stories

9/11 20 YEARS ON

The morning of 11 September 2001 was bright and calm across much of the East Coast of the United States of America. In New York, many city workers began their days as usual with a jog, running beneath a late summer’s blue sky. In Florida, Commander in Chief President George W Bush did exactly the same, enjoying an early morning run ahead of a routine visit to a school. Twelve hours later, many of those same workers would sit in front of their televisions watching him promise to protect their nation following the deadliest terrorist attacks the Western world had ever seen. As the joggers got ready for work, two men spoke to each other by phone from two different departure lounges at Logan International Airport in Boston. Mohamed Atta…

9/11 20 YEARS ON

THE WAR ON TERROR

Less than a month after the 9/11 attacks, the US launched air strikes on Afghanistan. The ensuing conflict there, aimed at al-Qaeda and the Taliban, would become known as the War on Terror. The four planes had been hijacked by a total of 19 terrorists. Four of them were involved in the ‘Hamburg Cell’, a group that met in the German city and began to plot against America. Among them was Mohamed Atta, the lead hijacker. A chance meeting on a train with a member of al-Qaeda led to them going to Afghanistan, where they would meet Osama bin Laden. The al-Qaeda leader had, for several years, been focused on a plot to hijack planes and fly them into targets in the US. The idea came originally from militant Islamist Khalid Sheikh…

THE WAR ON TERROR

CHINA’S SHADOW EMPRESS

Empress Dowager Cixi is unquestionably one of the most formidable and divisive figures in Chinese history. Cixi, a contemporary of Queen Victoria, was only the second woman to rule China after Empress Wu Zetian in the 7th century. So how did Cixi, the Emperor’s lowly mistress, become the ruler of nearly a third of the world’s population? Cixi was born in Beijing on 29 November 1835. She was from a Manchu family, the ruling ethnic minority in China, and it is thought that her relatives were government employees. As a Manchu girl, she was spared the fate of having her feet bound, a practice that was performed on Han Chinese girls. Unfortunately, little is known about Cixi’s life prior to her entering the imperial court, although it is believed that she was…

CHINA’S SHADOW EMPRESS

A TIMELINE OF THE DAY

7.59AM Flight 11 departs Logan International Airport with 11 crew and 81 passengers on board, bound for Los Angeles. Among the passengers are four hijackers 8.14AM Flight 175 leaves Logan International bound for Los Angeles. Five hijackers, another 51 passengers and nine crew are on board 8.14AM Flight 11 is hijacked over Massachusetts 8.20AM Flight 77 departs Washington Dulles Airport, en route to Los Angeles, carrying six crew and 58 passengers, including five hijackers 8.42AM Flight 93 takes off from Newark International Airport carrying seven crew and 37 passengers, among them four hijackers 8.42AM Flight 175 is hijacked above New Jersey 8.46AM Flight 11 is crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center 8.50AM Flight 77 is hijacked above southern Ohio 9.03AM Flight 175 is crashed into the…

A TIMELINE OF THE DAY

THE TAIPING REBELLION

The Taiping Rebellion was one of the most violent and important events in the history of China. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka, who had failed the civil service exam several times. After falling sick, he claimed to have a number of visions of heaven and believed that he was the son of God and the younger brother of Jesus Christ, and that it was his duty to overthrow the Manchu Qing dynasty and reform China. Hong began preaching his ideas across the province of Guangxi and his friend and follower, Feng Yunshan, founded a new religious group, the God Worshippers’ Society, which particularly attracted peasants who were suffering from famine. Hong joined the God Worshippers himself and the Society expanded, with Hong eventually referring to himself as…

THE TAIPING REBELLION

THE WAR ON TERROR

Less than a month after the 9/11 attacks, the US launched air strikes on Afghanistan. The ensuing conflict there, aimed at al-Qaeda and the Taliban, would become known as the War on Terror. The four planes had been hijacked by a total of 19 terrorists. Four of them were involved in the ‘Hamburg Cell’, a group that met in the German city and began to plot against America. Among them was Mohamed Atta, the lead hijacker. A chance meeting on a train with a member of al-Qaeda led to them going to Afghanistan, where they would meet Osama bin Laden. The al-Qaeda leader had, for several years, been focused on a plot to hijack planes and fly them into targets in the US. The idea came originally from militant Islamist…

THE WAR ON TERROR

CHINA’S SHADOW EMPRESS

Empress Dowager Cixi is unquestionably one of the most formidable and divisive figures in Chinese history. Cixi, a contemporary of Queen Victoria, was only the second woman to rule China after Empress Wu Zetian in the 7th century. So how did Cixi, the Emperor’s lowly mistress, become the ruler of nearly a third of the world’s population? Cixi was born in Beijing on 29 November 1835. She was from a Manchu family, the ruling ethnic minority in China, and it is thought that her relatives were government employees. As a Manchu girl, she was spared the fate of having her feet bound, a practice that was performed on Han Chinese girls. Unfortunately, little is known about Cixi’s life prior to her entering the imperial court, although it is believed that…

CHINA’S SHADOW EMPRESS

REHABILITATING CIXI

Cixi’s reputation was severely tarnished after the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, both in China and around the world. Foreign visitors were invited to receptions at the palace in an attempt to improve her image. After her return to Beijing, she even invited the wives of foreign diplomats – whose lives had been threatened by the violent Boxers she had encouraged – to tea at the Forbidden City. Between 1903 and 1904, a young photographer named Xunling was invited to take a series of staged photographic portraits of Cixi and her court, with the Empress Dowager becoming one of the first in the imperial court to engage with photography. These photos, which are the only ones of Cixi that exist, were rich in symbolism, emphasising her imperial authority and earning her the…

REHABILITATING CIXI

8 THINGS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT BLITZ KRIEG

During September 1939 to June 1940 the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) achieved three decisive Blitzkrieg (‘lightning war’) successes. First, in just 36 days during September to October 1939 the Germans, aided by the Soviets, conquered Poland. Second, during 60 days’ combat in April-June 1940, German forces conquered Denmark and Norway, while also repelling an Anglo-French intervention. Finally, in just 47 days of fighting during May to June 1940 the Wehrmacht astonishingly conquered France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, while also driving the British Expeditionary Force back onto English soil. But here are some things you likely didn’t know about Blitzkrieg and why it succeeded. BLITZKRIEG: The Invasion Of PolanD To The Fall Of France edited by Dr Stephen Hart and Dr Russell Hart is available now from Osprey Publishing 1 THERE WAS NO…

8 THINGS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT BLITZ KRIEG

THE TAIPING REBELLION

The Taiping Rebellion was one of the most violent and important events in the history of China. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka, who had failed the civil service exam several times. After falling sick, he claimed to have a number of visions of heaven and believed that he was the son of God and the younger brother of Jesus Christ, and that it was his duty to overthrow the Manchu Qing dynasty and reform China. Hong began preaching his ideas across the province of Guangxi and his friend and follower, Feng Yunshan, founded a new religious group, the God Worshippers’ Society, which particularly attracted peasants who were suffering from famine. Hong joined the God Worshippers himself and the Society expanded, with Hong eventually referring to himself…

THE TAIPING REBELLION

CARS: DRIVING INTO HISTORY

The car is an inescapable fact of modern life. Along with other motorised road vehicles, it can be used for personal journeys, power economies and move entire armies. In transportation terms, it has completely changed the way humanity has administered, laid out and policed itself since it was invented in the 1880s. The car’s ubiquity has been revolutionary and transformed the human experience in just over 100 years. Its presence has had a significantly positive and – as climate change makes increasingly clear – negative impact on the world. Today, the relationship between people and cars is under ever increasing scrutiny. However, compared to the current debate, the car’s origins are less well known and its early history is intriguing and often surprising. Tom Standage, the author of the recently published A…

CARS: DRIVING INTO HISTORY

REHABILITATING CIXI

Cixi’s reputation was severely tarnished after the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, both in China and around the world. Foreign visitors were invited to receptions at the palace in an attempt to improve her image. After her return to Beijing, she even invited the wives of foreign diplomats – whose lives had been threatened by the violent Boxers she had encouraged – to tea at the Forbidden City. Between 1903 and 1904, a young photographer named Xunling was invited to take a series of staged photographic portraits of Cixi and her court, with the Empress Dowager becoming one of the first in the imperial court to engage with photography. These photos, which are the only ones of Cixi that exist, were rich in symbolism, emphasising her imperial authority and earning her…

REHABILITATING CIXI

RED, AMBER, GREEN

An integral part of road infrastructure worldwide, traffic lights are inextricably linked with cars to control flows of traffic. However, their invention actually preceded the automobile by several decades. The very first traffic lights were installed outside the Houses of Parliament in London in 1868 on Westminster Bridge by a railway engineer called John Peake Knight. Using a system that was based on railway signalling, semaphore arms were mounted on a tall post that could be manually raised by a policeman. Raised arms stopped horsedrawn vehicles and allowed pedestrians to cross the road while lowered arms performed the opposite function. What made Peake’s traffic system unique was that the arms were accompanied by coloured gaslights at night. This included red for ‘stop’ and green for ‘caution’. The lights did improve traffic…

RED, AMBER, GREEN

8 THINGS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT BLITZ KRIEG

During September 1939 to June 1940 the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) achieved three decisive Blitzkrieg (‘lightning war’) successes. First, in just 36 days during September to October 1939 the Germans, aided by the Soviets, conquered Poland. Second, during 60 days’ combat in April-June 1940, German forces conquered Denmark and Norway, while also repelling an Anglo-French intervention. Finally, in just 47 days of fighting during May to June 1940 the Wehrmacht astonishingly conquered France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, while also driving the British Expeditionary Force back onto English soil. But here are some things you likely didn’t know about Blitzkrieg and why it succeeded. BLITZKRIEG: The Invasion Of PolanD To The Fall Of France edited by Dr Stephen Hart and Dr Russell Hart is available now from Osprey Publishing 1…

8 THINGS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT BLITZ KRIEG

BATTLE OF CRETE

One-hundred kilometres from the mainland, Crete is the second-largest of the Greek islands, a strip of land measuring 258km from east to west and just 12km at its narrowest. Dominated by the White Mountains that form its spine, it has a rich history of invasion and occupation, with the Romans, Arabs and Venetians among others all having left their mark, especially on the likes of Khania, Rhethymnon and Heraklion on its more populated northern coast. Historically fought over, it had been a relative backwater for years until WWII erupted and thrust it centre stage in the spring of 1941. THE MEDITERRANEAN WAR Fascist Italy took the lead for the Axis in the Mediterranean, its military weakness exposed by the December 1940 British offensive in the western desert that almost wiped out Mussolini’s…

BATTLE OF CRETE

CARS: DRIVING INTO HISTORY

The car is an inescapable fact of modern life. Along with other motorised road vehicles, it can be used for personal journeys, power economies and move entire armies. In transportation terms, it has completely changed the way humanity has administered, laid out and policed itself since it was invented in the 1880s. The car’s ubiquity has been revolutionary and transformed the human experience in just over 100 years. Its presence has had a significantly positive and – as climate change makes increasingly clear – negative impact on the world. Today, the relationship between people and cars is under ever increasing scrutiny. However, compared to the current debate, the car’s origins are less well known and its early history is intriguing and often surprising. Tom Standage, the author of the recently…

CARS: DRIVING INTO HISTORY

20 MAY – 1 JUNE 1941

01 Gruppe West attacks Maleme Split into three, Gruppe West is the largest of the fallschirmjager assaults and is led by the most senior German officer involved in the landings, Generalmajor Eugen Meindl. Casualties are catastrophic, with one battalion of 600 men losing 400 killed during the landings. 02 Gruppe Mitte (Centre) attacks Rhethymnon Landing in the first wave on the morning of 20 May, Gruppe Mitte is leaderless from the start of the battle when its commander – Wilhelm Sussmann – is killed along with his staff when their glider crashes onto the island of Aegina on the way to Crete. 03 Gruppe Ost (East) attacks Heraklion Scattered on landing, Gruppe Ost’s commander – Oberst (Colonel) Bruno Brauer – gathers as many men as he can and tries to capture the city, only to…

20 MAY – 1 JUNE 1941

RED, AMBER, GREEN

An integral part of road infrastructure worldwide, traffic lights are inextricably linked with cars to control flows of traffic. However, their invention actually preceded the automobile by several decades. The very first traffic lights were installed outside the Houses of Parliament in London in 1868 on Westminster Bridge by a railway engineer called John Peake Knight. Using a system that was based on railway signalling, semaphore arms were mounted on a tall post that could be manually raised by a policeman. Raised arms stopped horsedrawn vehicles and allowed pedestrians to cross the road while lowered arms performed the opposite function. What made Peake’s traffic system unique was that the arms were accompanied by coloured gaslights at night. This included red for ‘stop’ and green for ‘caution’. The lights did improve…

RED, AMBER, GREEN

BATTLE OF CRETE

One-hundred kilometres from the mainland, Crete is the second-largest of the Greek islands, a strip of land measuring 258km from east to west and just 12km at its narrowest. Dominated by the White Mountains that form its spine, it has a rich history of invasion and occupation, with the Romans, Arabs and Venetians among others all having left their mark, especially on the likes of Khania, Rhethymnon and Heraklion on its more populated northern coast. Historically fought over, it had been a relative backwater for years until WWII erupted and thrust it centre stage in the spring of 1941. THE MEDITERRANEAN WAR Fascist Italy took the lead for the Axis in the Mediterranean, its military weakness exposed by the December 1940 British offensive in the western desert that almost wiped…

BATTLE OF CRETE

WHAT IF POMPEY HAD DEFEATED JULIUS CAESAR?

INTERVIEW WITH DR SIMON ELLIOTT Dr Elliott is a bestselling author, historian, archaeologist, broadcaster, and Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Kent. His books include Roman Legionaries, Julius Caesar: Rome’s Greatest Warlord and Roman Conquests: Britain Former political allies, and even allied through marriage, Julius Caesar and Pompey faced each other across a battlefield at Pharsalus in Greece, in 48 BCE, as deadly enemies. Political convenience had turned to dust and the outcome of this battle would determine the fate of both men, and the future of Rome and its influence in the world. Was it inevitable that Pompey and Caesar would come to blows? How different were they, and was Pompey as ambitious as Caesar? Yes, absolutely they would have come to blows. Both were the leading protagonists in their generation for…

WHAT IF POMPEY HAD DEFEATED JULIUS CAESAR?

60s & 50s BCE DRIVEN BY AMBITION Both Caesar and Pompey were successful, seasoned campaigners in battle, and that would both bring them together and drive them apart. Success in war had gained them wealth and the respect of the people, which in turn gave them the platform for the political ambition and eventually rivalry that was to drive them towards their individual fate. 60-53 BCE THE TRIUMVIRATE To further their own ends within the Senate, Caesar and Pompey formed a private alliance with the fabulously wealthy Marcus Crassus, known to us as the First Triumvirate (60-53 BCE). Through such political manoeuvring, Caesar became Consul and as a result all three increased their power and influence. But the alliance was a troubled one and following the death of Crassus in a military campaign,…

20 MAY – 1 JUNE 1941

01 Gruppe West attacks Maleme Split into three, Gruppe West is the largest of the fallschirmjager assaults and is led by the most senior German officer involved in the landings, Generalmajor Eugen Meindl. Casualties are catastrophic, with one battalion of 600 men losing 400 killed during the landings. 02 Gruppe Mitte (Centre) attacks Rhethymnon Landing in the first wave on the morning of 20 May, Gruppe Mitte is leaderless from the start of the battle when its commander – Wilhelm Sussmann – is killed along with his staff when their glider crashes onto the island of Aegina on the way to Crete. 03 Gruppe Ost (East) attacks Heraklion Scattered on landing, Gruppe Ost’s commander – Oberst (Colonel) Bruno Brauer – gathers as many men as he can and tries to…

20 MAY – 1 JUNE 1941

THE POSSIBILITY

55-54 BCE ROMAN BRITAIN WIPED FROM HISTORY? Caesar’s minor explorations of Britain and his interest in expanding into the country may well have died with him at Pharsalus. With the possibility of Pompey taking Roman expansion in a completely different direction, the unknown territory may well have stayed untouched by Rome. No Hadrian’s Wall, no Roman roads, no villas and no Roman culture that was to have a lasting effect on the development of the British people. 69-30 BCE CLEOPATRA WHO? As the victor, rather than being killed in Egypt at the orders of Ptolemy, Pompey may have strengthened their alliance. It would mean a very different future for Ptolemy’s sister and joint ruler, Cleopatra. As Ptolemy’s enemy she would be Pompey’s enemy, ending in obscurity or death. Her mythical beauty would never have been celebrated,…

THE POSSIBILITY

WHAT IF POMPEY HAD DEFEATED JULIUS CAESAR?

INTERVIEW WITH DR SIMON ELLIOTT Dr Elliott is a bestselling author, historian, archaeologist, broadcaster, and Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Kent. His books include Roman Legionaries, Julius Caesar: Rome’s Greatest Warlord and Roman Conquests: Britain Former political allies, and even allied through marriage, Julius Caesar and Pompey faced each other across a battlefield at Pharsalus in Greece, in 48 BCE, as deadly enemies. Political convenience had turned to dust and the outcome of this battle would determine the fate of both men, and the future of Rome and its influence in the world. Was it inevitable that Pompey and Caesar would come to blows? How different were they, and was Pompey as ambitious as Caesar? Yes, absolutely they would have come to blows. Both were the leading protagonists…

WHAT IF POMPEY HAD DEFEATED JULIUS CAESAR?

TRAIN TREASURES

The first railway opened in Britain in 1825, revolutionising daily life by making transportation of goods, animals and people relatively quick and simple. By 1870 almost 22,000km of railway crisscrossed the country. Today, the railway is a part of daily life, with 1.8 billion journeys made in the UK every year. Of course, with such a rich history, over the years several institutions have been formed to celebrate and protect the heritage of the railways. In 1975, on the 150th anniversary of the UK’s first railroad, one of the most famous and respected, the National Railway Museum (NRM) in York, opened its doors to the public. Containing the world’s largest collection of railway-related objects and paraphernalia, from a 1976 Japanese bullet train to the stuffed Railway Collecting Dog ‘Laddie’, the museum…

TRAIN TREASURES

60s & 50s BCE DRIVEN BY AMBITION Both Caesar and Pompey were successful, seasoned campaigners in battle, and that would both bring them together and drive them apart. Success in war had gained them wealth and the respect of the people, which in turn gave them the platform for the political ambition and eventually rivalry that was to drive them towards their individual fate. 60-53 BCE THE TRIUMVIRATE To further their own ends within the Senate, Caesar and Pompey formed a private alliance with the fabulously wealthy Marcus Crassus, known to us as the First Triumvirate (60-53 BCE). Through such political manoeuvring, Caesar became Consul and as a result all three increased their power and influence. But the alliance was a troubled one and following the death of Crassus in…

THE POSSIBILITY

55-54 BCE ROMAN BRITAIN WIPED FROM HISTORY? Caesar’s minor explorations of Britain and his interest in expanding into the country may well have died with him at Pharsalus. With the possibility of Pompey taking Roman expansion in a completely different direction, the unknown territory may well have stayed untouched by Rome. No Hadrian’s Wall, no Roman roads, no villas and no Roman culture that was to have a lasting effect on the development of the British people. 69-30 BCE CLEOPATRA WHO? As the victor, rather than being killed in Egypt at the orders of Ptolemy, Pompey may have strengthened their alliance. It would mean a very different future for Ptolemy’s sister and joint ruler, Cleopatra. As Ptolemy’s enemy she would be Pompey’s enemy, ending in obscurity or death. Her mythical…

THE POSSIBILITY

Book Film TV Podcast Games Other THE CHAMPION OF AUSCHWITZ A well-intentioned but ultimately flat portrait of a remarkable survivor Certificate: 15 Director: Maciej Barczewski Cast: Piotr Glowacki, Rafal Zawierucha, Marcin Czarnik Released: Out now Tadeusz ‘Teddy’ Pietrzykowski, a bantamweight-class fighter, had a promising future ahead of him as a pugilist. In 1937, he was successful enough to be crowned Warsaw Champion. Two calamities then unfolded: a career-wrecking injury and the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht, sparking World War II. As a patriot, Pietrzykowski signed up and fought in the Siege of Warsaw. Making his way to France after the German army claimed victory, he was captured in Hungary and turned over to the Nazis. In the hands of the Gestapo, the former boxer was tortured, interrogated and sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau as part of the first mass transport.…

THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

Director: David Lean Starring: Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, William Holden, Sessue Hayakawa Country: USA/UK Released: 1957 Fact versus fiction on the silver screen VERDICT: Described by Colonel Philip Toosey as “good theatre but totally removed from reality”, this superb film is almost entirely fictional 01 The film follows British POWs constructing the titular bridge over the River Kwai. The conditions faced by the real POWs were far worse than those depicted in the film, with roughly 13,000 dying during construction of the Burma-Siam Railway. 02 Alec Guinness won an Oscar for his role as Colonel Nicholson, based on the real-life Colonel Philip Toosey. Toosey attempted to delay the construction of the bridge and committed acts of sabotage, including using wooddestroying termites. 03 Sessue Hayakawa plays Colonel Saito. The real Saito was a sergeant major and…

THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

TRAIN TREASURES

The first railway opened in Britain in 1825, revolutionising daily life by making transportation of goods, animals and people relatively quick and simple. By 1870 almost 22,000km of railway crisscrossed the country. Today, the railway is a part of daily life, with 1.8 billion journeys made in the UK every year. Of course, with such a rich history, over the years several institutions have been formed to celebrate and protect the heritage of the railways. In 1975, on the 150th anniversary of the UK’s first railroad, one of the most famous and respected, the National Railway Museum (NRM) in York, opened its doors to the public. Containing the world’s largest collection of railway-related objects and paraphernalia, from a 1976 Japanese bullet train to the stuffed Railway Collecting Dog ‘Laddie’, the…

TRAIN TREASURES

BOUCHÉE À LA REINE

Did you know? Bouchee a la reine translates to ‘the queen’s bite’ in English The bouchee a la reine, a vol-au-vent filled with salpicon and a thick sauce that is traditionally served as a starter, was invented and named for Queen Marie Leszczynska, the Polish wife of King Louis XV of France. While the queen was not politically influential during the four decades of her reign as consort, she enjoyed good food and influenced French cuisine. It is said that bouchee a la reine was created as an aphrodisiac at the queen’s request, in an unsuccessful attempt to win back her husband’s affection after discovering his affair with Madame de Pompadour. A popular dish before the French Revolution, bouchee a la reine is still eaten today with a variety of fillings. Ingredients For the…

BOUCHÉE À LA REINE

Book Film TV Podcast Games Other THE CHAMPION OF AUSCHWITZ A well-intentioned but ultimately flat portrait of a remarkable survivor Certificate: 15 Director: Maciej Barczewski Cast: Piotr Glowacki, Rafal Zawierucha, Marcin Czarnik Released: Out now Tadeusz ‘Teddy’ Pietrzykowski, a bantamweight-class fighter, had a promising future ahead of him as a pugilist. In 1937, he was successful enough to be crowned Warsaw Champion. Two calamities then unfolded: a career-wrecking injury and the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht, sparking World War II. As a patriot, Pietrzykowski signed up and fought in the Siege of Warsaw. Making his way to France after the German army claimed victory, he was captured in Hungary and turned over to the Nazis. In the hands of the Gestapo, the former boxer was tortured, interrogated and sent…

THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

Director: David Lean Starring: Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, William Holden, Sessue Hayakawa Country: USA/UK Released: 1957 Fact versus fiction on the silver screen VERDICT: Described by Colonel Philip Toosey as “good theatre but totally removed from reality”, this superb film is almost entirely fictional 01 The film follows British POWs constructing the titular bridge over the River Kwai. The conditions faced by the real POWs were far worse than those depicted in the film, with roughly 13,000 dying during construction of the Burma-Siam Railway. 02 Alec Guinness won an Oscar for his role as Colonel Nicholson, based on the real-life Colonel Philip Toosey. Toosey attempted to delay the construction of the bridge and committed acts of sabotage, including using wooddestroying termites. 03 Sessue Hayakawa plays Colonel Saito. The real Saito…

THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

BOUCHÉE À LA REINE

Did you know? Bouchee a la reine translates to ‘the queen’s bite’ in English The bouchee a la reine, a vol-au-vent filled with salpicon and a thick sauce that is traditionally served as a starter, was invented and named for Queen Marie Leszczynska, the Polish wife of King Louis XV of France. While the queen was not politically influential during the four decades of her reign as consort, she enjoyed good food and influenced French cuisine. It is said that bouchee a la reine was created as an aphrodisiac at the queen’s request, in an unsuccessful attempt to win back her husband’s affection after discovering his affair with Madame de Pompadour. A popular dish before the French Revolution, bouchee a la reine is still eaten today with a variety of…

BOUCHÉE À LA REINE

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